Crystalline defects on the nano-scale, which are called artificial pinning centers (APCs), were successfully introduced into high-temperature superconductors (HTS) by nanotechnology, in order to strongly pin the quantized vortices. The critical current densities, Jc, of the HTS films were dramatically improved by APCs. It is possible to form APCs in high-quality epitaxial films, keeping the desired dimensionality, volume fraction, spatial distribution and so on. The in-field Jc of HTS films at 77 K was improved by one order of magnitude compared with previous values using APCs. This technology can be applied to the coated conductor technology in progress, and a high Jc has already been reported. A current outline of the research is described in this review.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0953-2048/23/1/014001/pdf

Artificial pinning center technology to enhance vortex pinning in YBCO coated conductors

This work was supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Doctoral training account (grant number EP/N509620/1), EUROTAPES, a collaborative project funded by the European Commission's Seventh Framework Program under Grant Agreement No. 280432, and also partially funded by SuNAM Co., Ltd, and Applied Materials, Inc.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6668/aa90d1/pdf

Materials design for artificial pinning centres in superconductor PLD coated conductors

Recently, the BaHfO3 (BHO) nanorod has attracted attention as a new c-axis-correlated pinning center in REBa2Cu3Oy films. We fabricated SmBa2Cu3Oy (SmBCO) films with BHO nanorods using an alternating-targets technique with pulsed laser deposition on single-crystal LaAlO3(100) substrates, and then compared the microstructure and flux pinning properties with those of BaSnO3 (BSO)-doped SmBCO films. Transmission electron microscopy observations indicated that the BHO and BSO nanorods both grew straight, but the inclination of the BHO nanorods from the c-axis of the SmBCO was less than that of the BSO nanorods. The inclination had a strong influence on the flux pinning property. The flux pinning force of the BHO-doped SmBCO film ( with Jc = 2.0 MA cm−2 at 77 K under 1.4 T) became stronger than that of the BSO-doped SmBCO film ( with Jc = 1.4 MA cm−2 at 77 K under 1.8 T) due to the shape of the BHO nanorods without inclining.

The influence of the geometric characteristics of nanorods on the flux pinning in high-performance BaMO3-doped SmBa2Cu3Oy films (M = Hf, Sn)

We report the epitaxial growth and superconducting properties of Y2O3-added YBa2Cu3Ox (YBCO) films grown on SrTiO3-buffered MgO substrates by pulsed-laser deposition using surface-modified YBCO targets. Areas of Y2O3 sectors on the YBCO target were increased to 5.44% and 9.22% of the total YBCO pellet in order to find a correlation between the Y2O3 content, morphology, and the pinning properties of YBCO + Y2O3 mixed films. The maximum global pinning forces, FP, at 77 K were 14.3 GN m−3 and 1.15 GN m−3 for the Y2O3 5.44A% and 9.22A%, respectively. The 5.44A% Y2O3-added sample presents a very high value of pinning force at 77 K, approaching the value obtained in YBCO films with added BaZrO3 nanorods, but with less depression in the superconducting critical temperature, Tc. In accordance with scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) observations, both films present nanoparticulate Y2O3 dispersed in a YBCO matrix where Y2Ba4Cu8O16 (Y248) intergrowths were also observed. Consistent with the strong pinning theory, the size and distribution of randomly dispersed Y2O3 particles are optimal for the flux pinning of a 5.44A% Y2O3-YBCO film, while in the case of a 9.22A% film, the YBCO matrix is degraded by jam-packed Y248 intergrowth, which leads to a comparatively poor pinning performance. We further used the single-vortex dynamics model to account for vortex pinning in the samples. The 5.44A% Y2O3-YBCO film result shows good agreement with the model fit up to 4 T of the applied magnetic field.

/pdf/high-pinning-performance-of-yba2cu3o7-x-films-added-with-26x41siip2.pdf

High pinning performance of YBa2Cu3O7-x films added with Y2O3 nanoparticulate defects

The new routes toward preparation of nanostructured YBa2Cu3O7 superconducting thin films and coated conductors, based mainly on pulsed laser and chemical solution deposition methodologies, are being reviewed in this chapter. Particular emphasis is given to clarify the relationship between the artificial nanostructure and the vortex-pinning enhancement. The success achieved in the different approaches indicates that a new frontier of superconducting applications has been opened based on the nanostructured superconductors with high critical currents at high temperatures and magnetic fields much higher than previously devised with any superconductor.

Nanostructured Superconductors with Efficient Vortex Pinning

Y2O3 nanoparticles prepared by an inert gas phase condensation process were used to introduce artificial pinning centres in YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films. The areal density of the particles was varied between 120 and 4200 particles µm−2 without changing the mean particle diameter of approximately 9 nm. Y2O3 particles were deposited on TiO2 terminated SrTiO3 (100) single-crystal substrates with areal densities up to 1654 particles µm−2 and subsequently covered with YBa2Cu3O7−δ by off-axis pulsed laser deposition (PLD). The areal density of the room temperature deposited particles is not changed by the substrate heating during PLD although their height on the substrate decreases. An influence on Jc is demonstrated for particle densities above 1588 particles µm−2, indicating that the substrate decoration with Y2O3 nanoparticles from the gas phase affects the formation of artificial pinning centres in the YBa2Cu3O7−δ films and can be applied to further study of the effect of particle size and areal density on defect formation in YBa2Cu3O7−δ.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0953-2048/20/9/S19/pdf

Artificial pinning centres in YBCO thin films induced by substrate decoration with gas-phase-prepared Y2O3 nanoparticles

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Artificial pinning centres in YBCO thin films induced by substrate decoration with gas-phase-prepared Y2O3 nanoparticles