Acidosis is one of the most common rumen diseases characterized by changes in the rumen environment and the circulatory system. Recent alternative trends in rearing small ruminants have led to the use of probiotics, rumenotorics and prebiotics to treat acidosis in animals.This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of probiotics and the combination of probiotics with prebiotics and probiotics with rumenotorics for the treatment of acidosis in sheep.This experimental study was conducted from September 2018 to May 2019. For the therapeutic study, 25 sheep were randomly divided into 5 equal groups. Acidosis was induced by an oral dose of 50 g/kg with wheat flour after a 24 hour fast. Four regimens of therapy were employed: PT probiotics, PPT probiotics with prebiotics; PRT probiotics with rumenotorics and standard ST treatment were adopted. Before and after therapy, laboratory analyses on rumen fluid, serum analysis, physical signs, and hematological changes were conducted.When probiotics were combined with rumenotorics (PRT), the mean standard deviation of rumen pH at day zero was 4.96±0.837 (PRT). Rumen pH improved from day one today three to 5.92±0.54, 6.30±041 and 6.75±0.34, respectively. The change in rumen pH was statistically significant after treatment on day 3 (p=0.002). The therapeutic regimens of PRT had improved heart rate and respiratory rate after treatment and the change was statistically significant (p=0.006 and p=0.000) compared to the control group. The PCV of the PRT treated sheep was also improved.Probiotics with rumenotorics were the most successful therapeutic regimen for the treatment of ruminal acidosis in sheep. Therefore, the use of probiotics with rumenotorics is the promising alternative for the treatment of acidosis. 

Effectiveness of Probiotic and Combinations of Probiotic with Prebiotics and Probiotic with Rumenotorics in Experimentally Induced Ruminal Acidosis Sheep

In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), effective brucellosis control is limited, in part, by the lack of long-term commitments by governments to control the disease and the absence of reliable national human and livestock population-based data to inform policies. Therefore, we conducted a study to establish the national prevalence and develop a risk map for Brucella spp. in cattle to contribute to plans to eliminate the disease in Kenya by the year 2040. We randomly generated 268 geolocations and distributed them across Kenya, proportionate to the area of each of the five agroecological zones and the associated cattle population. Cattle herds closest to each selected geolocation were identified for sampling. Up to 25 cattle were sampled per geolocation and a semi-structured questionnaire was administered to their owners. We tested 6,593 cattle samples for Brucella immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies using an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We assessed potential risk factors and performed spatial analyses and prevalence mapping using approximate Bayesian inference implemented via the integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA) method. The national Brucella spp. prevalence was 6.8% (95% CI: 6.2-7.4%). Exposure levels varied significantly between agro-ecological zones, with a high of 8.5% in the very arid zone with the lowest agricultural potential relative to a low of 0.0% in the agro-alpine zone with the highest agricultural potential. Additionally, seroprevalence increased with herd size, and the odds of seropositivity were significantly higher for females and adult animals than for males or calves. Similarly, animals with a history of abortion, or with multiple reproductive syndromes had higher seropositivity than those without. At the herd level, the risk of Brucella spp. transmission was higher in larger herds, and herds with a history of reproductive problems such as abortion, giving birth to weak calves, or having swollen testes. Geographic localities with high Brucella seroprevalence occurred in northern, eastern, and southern regions of Kenya all primarily characterized by semi-arid or arid agro-ecological zones dominated by livestock pastoralism interspersed with vast areas with mixed livestock-wildlife systems. The large spatial extent of our survey provides compelling evidence for the widespread geographical distribution of brucellosis risk across Kenya in a manner easily understandable for policymakers. Our findings can provide a basis for risk-stratified pilot studies aiming to investigate the cost-effectiveness and efficacy of singular and combined preventive intervention strategies that seek to inform Kenya's Brucellosis Control Policy. 

Mapping brucellosis risk in Kenya and its implications for control strategies in sub-Saharan Africa

A prospective and retrospective study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of ovine Brucellosis in Kashmir valley. The data spanning over five years (2015-16 to 2019-20) maintained at Disease Investigation Laboratory Nowshera, Srinagar, were collected and utilized to estimate seroprevalence of ovine Brucellosis in Kashmir valley. A total of 20165 sera samples were collected from organized and unorganized sectors of Kashmir valley. The samples were screened serologically using modified Rose Bengal Plate Test (mRBPT), Micro Agglutination Test (MAT) and Indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (iELISA). The overall seroprevalence of ovine brucellosis of 17.38% in Kashmir valley was observed in the present study. The seroprevalence of 11.03%, 19.13%, 24.88%, 13.07% and 12.64% was observed during 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. The prevalence of ovine brucellosis was significantly (p

https://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/2020/vol8issue4/PartR/8-4-50-126.pdf

Seroprevalence of ovine brucellosis in Kashmir valley, a prospective and retrospective study

In order to determine the prevalence of bovine brucellosis and the factors affecting its persistence in the province of Djelfa (Algeria), a sero-epidemiological study was carried out on a total of 10827 cattle (7346 females and 3481 males) during the decade from 2004 to 2013. The sera were screened by card agglutination test, and the positive samples were confirmed by the complement fixation test. Some factors (year, age, breed and sex) were considered. Results found an average prevalence of brucellosis during these ten years of 1.4% with a highly significant difference according to year and sex (P 0.05) in the seroprevalence of brucellosis. A higher prevalence of infection (1.53%) was found in imported breeds compared to local and cross breeds with (1.39%) and (1.35%) respectively. The effect of the breed is highly significant (P<0.05). In conclusion the bovine brucellosis persists in the province of Djelfa and it is necessary to implement a scheme to fight and prevent this infection.

Seroprevalence and risk factors of bovine brucellosis in the province of Djelfa (ALGERIA)

A total of 231 sheep and 181 goats with the history and clinical symptoms of abortions, still births, repeat breeding and pyrexia were screened for B.melitensis antibodies using serological tests viz. rose bengal test (RBT), standard tube agglutination test (STAT) and i-ELISA. The overall prevalence of B.melitensis infection in sheep tested by RBT, STAT and i-ELISA was 13.85%, 9.96% and 20.35%, respectively and in goats was 17.68%, 16.02% and 24.86% respectively. Seroprevalence of brucellosis was highest in goats of 23 years (35.3%) age group followed by 1–2 years (19.6%) and more than 3 years (18.4%) age group, and in sheep, it was highest in 2–3 years (27.9%) age group followed by more than 3 years (19.2%) and less in 1–2 years (14.2%) age group. The study reveled that the prevalence varied from one age group to another vastly.

Seroprevalence of brucellosis in different age groups of sheep and goats.

Simple indigestion is one of the common digestive abnormalities encountered in ruminants. The abnormality is characterised by reduced feed intake, dullness and depression, ruminal atony and decrease in milk production. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of various theureptic regimns for amelioration of simple indigestion in sheep. Animals with simple indigestion were randomly divided in 4 groups (n= 25 in each group) and treated with 4 different thereptic regimens T1 (Probiotics alone), T2 (Probiotic + Prebiotics), T3 (Probiotics + Rumentorics) and T4 (Rumentorics alone). Therapeutic regimen in group T3 (Probiotics + Rumenotorics ) was most effective in which all animals recovered on 3rd day followed by Therapeutic regimen in group T2, followed by Therapeutic regimen in group T1 in which animals all animals recovered on day 4th and 5th. Therapeutic regimen 4 was found to be least effective since only 83.3% animals recovered on day 5. The study concluded that Probiotics and Rumentorics given together is the best Therapeutic regimen for treatment of simple indigestion. So it may be concluded in present study that Probiotics and Rumentorics have synergistic action when given together.

https://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/2017/vol5issue6/PartU/5-6-136-960.pdf

Efficacy of different therapeutic regimens for simple indigestion in sheep

Sheep genetic resources are high in Pakistan with a number of different breeds spread throughout the country. However, the molecular diversity of sheep breeds is poorly understood in Pakistan. Therefore, in the present study 16 microsatellite markers were used in microsatellite on Buchi and Hashtnagri indigenous breeds of Punjab and Balochistan provinces, respectively. Blood samples from 25 unrelated individuals were collected for genetic diversity and relationship investigation. The mean number of alleles on Buchi and Hashtnagri were 3.375±1.455 and 3.50±1.591, respectively. The mean observed heterozygosity for Buchi was 0.878±0.204 while for Hashtnagri it was 0.885±0.218. The mean Shannon Index showed 1.032±0.371 and 1.070±0.412 for Buchi and Hashtnagri respectively. Inbreeding estimates (FIS and FIT) showed negative values while mean gene flow showed 10.09 and mean population difference (FST) showed 2.4%. According to these results, Buchi and Hashtnagri indigenous breeds showed considerable amount of genetic diversity. There is a decent scope for conservation, effective improvement, and designing suitable breeding strategies for sheep breeds in near future.

/pdf/molecular-genetic-diversity-and-relationship-of-indigenous-1e15g3o815.pdf

Molecular genetic diversity and relationship of indigenous sheep breeds of Pakistan based on nuclear microsatellite loci.

The present study was carried out on ovines of four administrative blocks of Ganderbal i.e., Lar, Ganderbal, Wakura and Kangan from May 2016 to July 2017. A multi-stage simple random sampling technique was used to determine sample size. The total sample size as calculated turned out to be 223 sheep. Samples of blood in clot activator tubes were collected and serum was harvested. The Microagglutination test (MAT) was performed in 96-well U-shaped microplates. The overall prevalence of ovine brucellosis was 35.87%. Prevalence was non-significantly higher in females (37.82%) having 1.99 times greater odds than males (23.33%). Age-wise prevalence was significantly higher in sheep >2 years of age. The sheep aged >2 years had 2.35 times greater odds (80.6/34.21) of having a higher prevalence of brucellosis than sheep aged < 2 years. The results of this study suggest a high prevalence of ovine brucellosis in this region, whose economic effect has not been investigated till date.

https://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/2017/vol5issue6/PartH/5-5-168-140.pdf

Seroprevalence of brucellosis in ovines of Ganderbal district of Kashmir Valley

Antimycoplasma drugs paved the way for the treatment of mycoplasma infections even before the vaccines were developed. Macrolides, tetracyclines, or aminoglycosides were being used for long, incorporating quinolones in the newer regimes. Former drug classes target protein synthesis, whereas the latter one targets DNA synthesis. These drugs proved quite effective and helped minimize severity and loss to farmers. However, prolonged use of antibiotics may have serious concerns of drug resistance, side effects, and drug residues in food animal products. In addition, despite treating mycoplasma infection, some drugs create a carrier state of infection that can spread the infection without being recognized. Hence, novel alternate therapeutics need to be explored to overcome these limitations whilst checking the antibiotic resistance with regular antibiotic sensitivity tests, which need to be standardized for different mycoplasma. Future therapeutics are needed under the prevailing situations of emerging and transboundary spread of mycoplasma infections. 

A mini-review on antimycoplasma antibiotics

Introduction Minerals are indispensable for normal growth, reproduction and health of the animals. They are required for growth of the most organs and particularly mineralization of the bone network. The distribution and status of various minerals varies with different physiological conditions like stage of growth (neonatal period, pre and post pubertal period), pregnancy and lactation [1]. Although the physiological functions of the minerals (eg., Ca, P etc.,) have been studied since 19th century [2], still it has been observed that the blood biochemistry of indigenous and their crossbred animals have not been investigated adequately. Pregnancy and lactation are the two major physiological conditions which considerably modify metabolism in animals especially of minerals [3, 4]. The periparturient period is important as it influences the health and the subsequent performance of dairy cows [5]. The phase of transition between late pregnancy and early lactation presents a huge metabolic challenge especially to the high-yielding dairy cow [6]. During immediate postpartum period high rates of body condition score losses are associated with a severe negative energy balance status, indicated by alterations in blood metabolite and hormone profiles [7]. Abstract *1M Shaheen, 2Tuffail Hussain, 3Sumiyah Rasool, 4Adil Majid, 5O Shabir S I A Qadri

Evaluation of Serum Calcium, Magnesium and Phosphorus During Various Stages of Gestation in Dairy Cattle Under Temperate Conditions

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