Assessing the effectiveness of actions to mitigate nutrient loss from agriculture: a review of methods.

Kleinman, P. J. A., Sharpley, A. N., Budda, A. R., McDowell, R. W. and Allen, A. L. 2011. Soil controls of phosphorus in runoff: Management barriers and opportunities. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 329–338. The persistent problem of eutrophication, the biological enrichment of surface waters, has produced a vast literature on soil phosphorus (P) effects on runoff water quality. This paper considers the mechanisms controlling soil P transfers from agricultural soils to runoff waters, and the management of these transfers. Historical emphases on soil conservation and control of sediment delivery to surface waters have demonstrated that comprehensive strategies to mitigate sediment-bound P transfer can produce long-term water quality improvements at a watershed scale. Less responsive are dissolved P releases from soils that have historically received P applications in excess of crop requirements. While halting further P applications to such soils may prevent dissolved P losses from growing, the desorption of P from ...

https://bioone.org/journals/canadian-journal-of-soil-science/volume-91/issue-3/CJSS09106/Soil-controls-of-phosphorus-in-runoff--Management-barriers-and/10.1139/CJSS09106.pdf

Soil controls of phosphorus in runoff: Management barriers and opportunities

/pdf/effects-of-artificial-land-drainage-on-hydrology-nutrient-3a2ltruhzz.pdf

Effects of artificial land drainage on hydrology, nutrient and pesticide fluxes from agricultural fields – A review

Conservation practices are implemented on farm fields in the USA through Farm Bill programs; however, there is a need for greater verification that these practices provide environmental benefits (e.g., water quality). This study was conducted to assess the impact of Farm Bill eligible conservation practices on soluble P (SP) and total P (TP) losses from four fields that were monitored between 2004 and 2013. No-tillage doubled SP loading compared to rotational tillage (e.g., tilled only before planting corn); however, no-tillage decreased TP loading by 69 % compared to rotational tillage. Similarly, grassed waterways were shown to increase SP loads, but not TP loads. A corn-soybean-wheat-oat rotation reduced SP loads by 85 % and TP loads by 83 % compared to the standard corn-soybean rotation in the region. We can potentially attain TP water quality goals using these Farm Bill practices; however, additional strategies must be employed to meet these goals for SP.

/pdf/phosphorus-losses-from-monitored-fields-with-conservation-20ozth3y1s.pdf

Phosphorus losses from monitored fields with conservation practices in the Lake Erie Basin, USA.

Phosphorus losses in runoff from manured grassland of different soil P status at two rainfall intensities

Phosphorus (P) losses from many agricultural soils are driven by fast transport processes, such as surface runoff, shallow interflow and macropore flow. Close interaction of rain with topsoil layers (0–5 cm), rich in available P, results in high P concentrations in these rapid runoff pathways. This is particularly pronounced in permanent grassland soils typically characterized by a P enrichment of the topsoil. One option to mitigate P losses from grassland is therefore to reduce soil P content, particularly available P, in this critical surface layer. Omitting application of P fertilizer will reduce soil P in the long term but more drastic methods may be necessary to achieve P loss reductions in shorter timescales. In this study, three management options to reduce P in runoff from grassland soils were evaluated in a field experiment lasting 2 years on two grassland sites: (i) no P inputs, (ii) no P inputs plus soil tillage and (iii) no P inputs plus tillage combined with application of a P sorbing soil amendment (iron oxide). Withholding P inputs did not decrease either the available P in the soil or the P concentrations in runoff from sprinkler experiments over a 2-year period. Both the treatments which included tillage caused immediate reductions in both soil available P and runoff P, with Fe ⁄ OH amendment being more effective. However, in the second year the effects of both tillage treatments were less apparent and only the Fe ⁄ OH treatment significantly decreased runoff P. The results indicate that the long-term enrichment of soils due to P application in excess of plant needs is unlikely to be remedied by short-term treatments. However, further work is required to assess the applicability of our conclusion to other sites.

Reducing phosphorus losses from over‐fertilized grassland soils proves difficult in the short term

Summary

Many irrigation experiments determine phosphorus (P) losses from soil. Often, these studies cannot be compared, because the irrigation water was not characterized. We used calcium-rich tap water and deionized water to investigate the influence of water composition on P concentrations in induced runoff. We irrigated two grassland sites: one acid and one calcareous. Less P was measured in runoff from tap water irrigation than from deionized water, especially for the acid soil. Batch experiments confirmed the findings of the field experiments. Tap water decreased water-soluble phosphate and increased calcium in the solid phase. This interaction increased with decreasing soil:water ratio. Water of low ionic strength gave results comparable to rainwater.



Our findings demonstrate that solution chemistry and the soil:water ratio can strongly influence the availability of P for transport. We recommend that P tests or irrigation experiments should use water resembling that of the system of interest. Irrigation experiments aiming to simulate P losses by surface runoff should be carried out with water having a composition comparable to rainwater.

Effect of water composition on phosphorus concentration in runoff and water-soluble phosphate in two grassland soils

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Reducing phosphorus losses from over‐fertilized grassland soils proves difficult in the short term

Effect of water composition on phosphorus concentration in runoff and water-soluble phosphate in two grassland soils