Essential fatty acid (EFA) requirements vary qualitatively and quantitatively with both species and during ontogeny of fish, with early developmental stages and broodstock being critical periods. Environment and/or trophic level are major factors, with freshwater/diadromous species generally requiring C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) whereas marine fish have a strict requirement for long-chain PUFA, eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids. Other than marine fish larvae, defining precise quantitative or semi-quantitative EFA requirements in fish have received less attention in recent years. However, the changes to feed formulations being forced upon the aquaculture industry by the pressing need for sustainable development, namely the replacement of marine fish meal and oils with plant-derived products, have reintroduced EFA into the research agenda. It is particularly important to note that the physiological requirements of the fish to prevent deficiency pathologies and produce optimal growth may not parallel the requirements for maintaining nutritional quality. For instance, salmonids can be successfully cultured on vegetable oils devoid of long-chain n-3 PUFA but not without potentially compromising their health benefits to the human consumer. Solving this problem will require detailed knowledge of the biochemical and molecular basis of EFA requirements and metabolism.

Fatty acid requirements in ontogeny of marine and freshwater fish

The ability to fully control sexual maturation and spawning and to produce large numbers of high quality seeds ‘on demand’ (i.e. all year long) is a primary requirement for the successful development of aquaculture. This relies on optimal broodstock management practices based on extensive knowledge of the nutritional and environmental requirements of fish in captivity. However, for many established, emerging and new farmed fish species, such knowledge is limited or not available yet. The level of domestication also plays an essential role as stocks with improved traits in farming conditions are selected. Importantly, reliable indicators of egg quality are still lacking and hatcheries still rely on wild harvested broodstocks in many farmed fish species. These key challenges must be addressed urgently to ensure the sustainable development of the European fish farming sector. This review gives an overview of methods to assess egg/sperm quality and many of the most important factors affecting gamete production and quality, including broodstock nutrition, environmental and spawning induction protocols, genetic management, gamete preservation and new reproductive strategies.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/raq.12025

Gamete quality and broodstock management in temperate fish

Publisher Summary
This chapter reviews the structural characteristics, biosynthesis and functions of lipids in fish. The five different types of lipid classes are: triacylglycerols, wax esters, phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids, and sterols. With the exception of cholesterol, all of the aforementioned lipid classes contain fatty acids, esterified to alcohol groups in the case of the glycerides and to amino groups in the case of the sphingolipids. The saturated fatty acids 16:0 and 18:0 can be biosynthesized de novo by all known organisms, including fish, by the conventional pathway catalyzed by the cytosolic fatty acid synthetase, which occurs and has been characterized in fish. The pathways of de novo glyceride biosynthesis are the same in fish as in higher terrestrial mammals. However, there is now considerable evidence that at least some species of fish larvae, both freshwater and marine, may have a limited capacity to biosynthesize phosphoglycerides de novo. A major role of fatty acids in all organisms is to generate metabolic energy in the form of ATP via mitochondrial β-oxidation, a process that has been well established in fish. Lipids, and specifically fatty acids, are the favored source of metabolic energy in fish, especially marine fish, as evidenced by the very high oil levels that can be achieved by fish such as capelin and herring.

4 – The Lipids

Crude lipid and fatty acid composition from liver, intestine, roe, milt and flesh of spawning and non-spawning Pacific herring ( Clupea harengus pallasi ) were examined to determine the relative effects of spawning on the nutritional value of herring. Depletion of lipid due to spawning condition was significant ( P P P

Comparison of fatty acid profiles of spawning and non-spawning Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi.

https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/1730/1/ZF%20ISH%20paper%20revised.pdf

Expression of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) biosynthesis genes during zebrafish Danio rerio early embryogenesis

A feeding experiment was conducted on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) broodstock to investigate the incidence of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA) dietary deficiencies on the lipid composition of female liver, gonads and eggs, in relation to spawning quality. Broodstock were fed a control (C) diet or a n-3 HUFA deficient (D) but linolenic acid rich diet. After 20 weeks of feeding, the results showed that levels of total neutral (TNL) and total polar (TPL) lipids of female gonads and eggs were independent of diet. However the fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) of female liver, gonads and eggs in the two groups of fish showed marked differences, reflecting the influence of fatty acid levels in the broodstock diets. This influence was even higher in TNL than in the phospholipid classes examined. In fish fed n-3 HUFA deficient diet, fatty acid composition of TNL of female gonads and eggs reflected the diet more than liver. A higher egg production in broodstock fed C diet (1.8% n-3 HUFA in diet) was extended to spawning quality such as percentages of fertilised and hatched eggs.

Influence of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid deficiency on the lipid composition of broodstock gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) and on egg quality

Natural spawning of greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) kept in captivity in the Canary Islands

Perspectivas de cultivo de la breca (Pagellus erythrinus) y el sargo (Diplodus sargus), primeros resultados de crecimiento comparado con la dorada (Sparus aurata)

Estudios preliminares de la reproducción y cultivo larvario de la breca (Pagellus erythrinus) en cautividad

Article available on line / Article disponible en ligne à l’adresse : -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------http://om.ciheam.org/article.php?IDPDF=600629 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Acclimatization of tuna fish to on-land facilities

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