For the first time in the history of high energyastronomy, a large CdTe gamma-ray camera is operating in space. ISGRI is the low-energy camera of the IBIS telescope on board the INTEGRAL satellite. This paper details its design and itsin-flight behavior and performances. Having a sensitive area of 2621 cm$^2$ with a spatial resolution of 4.6 mm, a low threshold around 12 keV and an energy resolution of $\sim$ 8\% at 60 keV, ISGRI shows absolutely no signs of degradation after 9 months in orbit. All aspects of its in-flight behavior and scientific performance are fully nominal, and in particular the observedbackground level confirms the expected sensitivity of 1 milliCrab for a 10$^6$s observation.

/pdf/isgri-the-integral-soft-gamma-ray-imager-254dwslbp2.pdf

ISGRI: The INTEGRAL soft gamma-ray imager

OSSE has observed seven transient black hole candidates: GRO J0422+32, GX 339-4, GRS 1716-249, GRS 1009-45, 4U 1543-47, GRO J1655-40, and GRS 1915+105. Two gamma-ray spectral states are evident, and based on a limited number of contemporaneous X-ray and gamma-ray observations, these states appear to be correlated with X-ray states. The former three objects show hard spectra below 100 keV (photon number indices Γ < 2) that are exponentially cut off with folding energy ~100 keV, a spectral form that is consistent with thermal Comptonization. This breaking gamma-ray state is the high-energy extension of the X-ray low, hard state. In this state, the majority of the luminosity is above the X-ray band, carried by photons of energy ~100 keV. The latter four objects exhibit a power-law gamma-ray state, with a relatively soft spectral index (Γ ~ 2.5-3) and no evidence for a spectral break. For GRO J1655-40, the lower limit on the break energy is 690 keV. GRS 1716-249 exhibits both spectral states, with the power-law state having significantly lower gamma-ray luminosity. The power-law gamma-ray state is associated with the presence of a strong ultrasoft X-ray excess (kT ~ 1 keV), the signature of the X-ray high, soft (or perhaps very high) state. The physical process responsible for the unbroken power law is not well understood, although the spectra are consistent with bulk-motion Comptonization in the convergent accretion flow.

Gamma-Ray Spectral States of Galactic Black Hole Candidates

Aims. The INTEGRAL mission provides a large data set for studying the hard X-ray properties of AGN and allows testing of the unified scheme for AGN. Methods. We present analysis of INTEGRAL IBIS/ISGRI, JEM-X, and OMC data for 199 AGN supposedly detected by INTEGRAL above 20 keV. Results. The data analysed here allow significant spectral extraction on 148 objects and an optical variability study of 57 AGN. The slopes of the hard X-ray spectra of Seyfert 1 and Seyfert 2 galaxies are found to be consistent within the uncertainties, whereas higher cut-off energies and lower luminosities we measured for the more absorbed/type 2 AGN. The intermediate Seyfert 1.5 objects exhibit hard X-ray spectra consistent with those of Seyfert 1. When applying a Compton reflection model, the underlying continua appear the same in Seyfert 1 and 2 with Γ � 2, and the reflection strength is about R � 1, when assuming different inclination angles. A significant correlation is found between the hard X-ray and optical luminosity and the mass of the central black hole in the sense that the more luminous objects appear to be more massive. There is also a general trend toward the absorbed sources and type 2 AGN having lower Eddington ratios. The black hole mass appears to form a fundamental plane together with the optical and X-ray luminosity of the form LV ∝ L 0.6 X M 0.2 BH , similar to what is found between LR, LX ,a ndMBH. Conclusions. The transition from the type 1 to type 2 AGN appears to be smooth. The type 2 AGN are less luminous and have less accreting super massive black holes. The unified model for Seyfert galaxies seems to hold, showing in hard X-rays that the central engine is the same in Seyfert 1 and 2, but seen under different inclination angles and absorption. The fundamental plane links the accretion mechanism with the bulge of the host galaxy and with the mass of the central engine in the same way in all types of Seyfert galaxies.

/pdf/the-second-integral-agn-catalogue-4zhpoddloe.pdf

The second INTEGRAL AGN catalogue

We present a summary of spectra of Seyfert galaxies observed by the OSSE detector aboard Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. We obtain average spectra of Seyferts of type 1 and 2, and find they are well fitted by thermal Comptonization. We present detailed parameter ranges for the plasma temperature and the Compton parameter in the case of spherical and slab geometries. We find both the average and individual OSSE spectra of Seyfert 2s are significantly harder than those of Seyfert 1s, which difference can be due to anisotropy of Compton reflection and/or Thomson-thick absorption.

Observations of Seyferts by OSSE and parameters of their X-ray/gamma-ray sources

We present the first INTEGRAL AGN catalog, based on observations performed from launch of the mission in 2002 October until 2004 January. The catalog includes 42 AGNs, of which 10 are Seyfert 1, 17 are Seyfert 2, and 9 are intermediate Seyfert 1.5. The fraction of blazars is rather small, with five detected objects, and only one galaxy cluster and no starburst galaxies have been detected so far. A complete subset consists of 32 AGNs with a significance limit of 7 σ in the INTEGRAL ISGRI 20-40 keV data. Although the sample is not flux limited, the distribution of sources shows a ratio of obscured to unobscured AGNs of 1.5-2.0, consistent with luminosity-dependent unified models for AGNs. Only four Compton-thick AGNs are found in the sample. Based on the INTEGRAL data presented here, the Seyfert 2 spectra are slightly harder (Γ = 1.95 ± 0.01) than Seyfert 1.5 (Γ = 2.10 ± 0.02) and Seyfert 1 (Γ = 2.11 ± 0.05).

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/499034/pdf

The First INTEGRAL AGN Catalog

The Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment on the Arthur Holly Compton Gamma Ray Observatory satellite uses four actively shielded NaI (Tl)-CsI(Na) phoswich detectors to provide gamma-ray line and continuum detection capability in the 005-10 MeV energy range The instrument includes secondary capabilities for gamma-ray and neutron detection between 10 and 250 MeV The detectors have 38 deg x 1104 deg (FWHM) fields of view defined by tungsten collimators Each detector has an independent, single-axis orientation system which permits offset pointing from the spacecraft Z-axis for background measurements and multitarget observations The instrument, and its calibration and performance, are described

/pdf/the-oriented-scintillation-spectrometer-experiment-1tbpg1qu4p.pdf

The Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment - Instrument description

The region within five degrees of the Galactic center was observed in high-energy X-rays on November 12, 1977, and it is concluded that the emission definitely comes from more than one source. At least five 2-10 keV sources are important: the transient A1743 - 322, the binary GX 1 + 4, the bulge sources GX 3 + 1 and GX 5 - 1, and A1742 - 294. The composite spectrum of all the sources agrees with the continuum measured 12 days earlier by Leventhal, MacCallum, and Stang (1978) in the 70-250 keV range but, if extrapolated to higher energies, would be softer than and weaker than the HEAO 1 continuum observed in September 1977 or HEAO 3 continuum observed in the fall of 1979.

High-energy X-ray observations of the galactic center region.

The high-energy X-ray spectrum of Scorpius X-1

A number of X-ray sources were observed with the Naval Research Laboratory hard X-ray observatory during balloon flights on 1976 May 11 and 1977 November 24. The primary objective of the observations was to characterize the temporal and spectral behavior of the sources in the energy range from 20 to 250 keV. Special emphasis was placed on the determination of spectrum versus phase for periodic sources and on the search for spectral features such as the reported 60 keV line in the X-ray spectrum of Her X-1. Results of the observations include: evidence for possible phase-dependent spectral variations in the emission from GX 1+4; flaring in the emission from GX 301-2; detection of unmodulated X-ray emission up to approximately 35 keV from GX 304-1; and an unexpectedly hard spectrum above 20 keV from Cyg X-2.

Balloon observations of galactic high-energy X-ray sources

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The Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment - Instrument description

High-energy X-ray observations of the galactic center region.

The high-energy X-ray spectrum of Scorpius X-1

Balloon observations of galactic high-energy X-ray sources