Hexagonal ferrites: A review of the synthesis, properties and applications of hexaferrite ceramics

Ferrites—ceramic ferromagnetic materials—have been considered as highly important electronic materials for more than half a century. During this time, the characteristics of commercial ferrite materials, both soft and hard ferrites, have come to approach theoretical values. The quality of commercial ferrites has been improved through accumulated scientific knowledge and advanced technology. This article provides a comprehensive survey of the historical development of the science and technology of ferrite materials as well as applications of the ferrites. The article also offers a forecast of the future of ferrites in terms of their chemistry.

The Past, Present, and Future of Ferrites

For past decade the development of magnetic materials particularly, ferrites in nano form has undergone a fast expanding evolutionary growth as strategic material in spintronics and sensor applications. In this chapter a brief introduction about the importance and need of bulk and nanoferrite, their applications in various fields like in communication, microwave, electromagnetic shielding, memory devices, multiferroics, spintronics devices, humidity/gas sensing, drug delivery, hyperthermia, biosensors, and so on, have been elaborated. Broadly chapter precisely discusses fabrication techniques, magnetic and electrical properties along with application of ferrite nanostructures or nanomaterials. It also includes fundamental understanding of the subject relating physical properties or phenomenon with material dimension. An effort has been made to describe two-dimensional nanostructures: thin films of ferrite with a cursory look on basic explanation of spintronics future applications. Gas/humidity sensing mechanism of ferrite and its application at nanoscale has been outlined related to recent advancements. A special care has been taken to include necessary theoretical background and experimental details for different techniques employed for the synthesis of ferrite nanoparticles, ferrite composites, and two-dimensional nanostructures—thin film materials. In totality chapter has been interlaced with a lucid introduction on the fundamentals and typical experimental approaches of few well-established techniques of nanoparticle synthesis particularly used for ferrites.

Ferrite Materials: Nano to Spintronics Regime

Ferrite nanocrystals are interesting material due to their rich physical properties. Here we add nonmagnetic dopants Zn and Cu to nickel ferrite nanocrystals, Ni1-xMxFe2O4 (0<=x<=1, M{\in}{Cu, Zn}), and characterize how relevant properties of the samples are modified accordingly. Basically, these dopings cause a rearrangement of Fe+3 ions into the two preexisting octahedral and tetrahedral sites. In fact, this, we show, induces pertinent magnetic properties of the doped samples. In the case of the Cu-doping, the Jahn-Teller effect also emerges, which we identify through the FTIR Spectroscopy of the samples. Moreover, we show an increase in the lattice parameters of the doped samples, as well a superparamagnetic behavior for the doped samples is shown, while the Jahn-Teller effect precludes a similar behavior in the CuFe2O4 nanocrystals. The influences of Zn and Cu substitutions are investigated on the optical properties of nickel ferrite nanocrystals by photoluminescence measurement at room temperature.

Structural, magnetic, and optical properties of zinc- and copper- substituted nickel ferrite nanocrystals

Magnetic properties of mixed Li-Ni-Cd ferrites

The electrical properties of polycrystalline soft ferrites, namely Cu-Zn system are considerably changed by doping controlled amounts of Lithium and Calcium salts. The room temperature resistivity is found to exceed 1000 MΩ an at 45% relative humidity. Variation of resistivity with percentage relative humidity is found to be linear in the range above 60% RH and is of the type P = P 0 - MRH. M being a slope of the curve which is humidity sensitivity. In the range 45 to 60% RH, log p Vs % RH exhibits linear relation and is governed by the nature P = P 0 e-krh. K being humidity sensitivity. The statistical tools are employed for the analysis of the curves and all the parameters are tested giving best results. The response time in the disc form, for both negative and positive step is of the order of 6 to 7 seconds for 5% change while it is of the order of 7 to 8 minutes for -ve step and one minute for +ve step for 45% to 85% change in RH. The material does not exhibit any aging effect. In the entire range of humidity, the pellets do not become watery. Basically, ferrites are temperature sensitive and therefore, humidity and temperature sensing both can be done in a single device, because there is no any effect of humidity on the magnetic properties of these materials.

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Humidity Sensing using Soft Ferrites

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Humidity Sensing using Soft Ferrites