Particle colliders for high-energy physics have been in the forefront of scientific discoveries for more than half a century. The accelerator technology of the colliders has progressed immensely, while the beam energy, luminosity, facility size, and cost have grown by several orders of magnitude. The method of colliding beams has not fully exhausted its potential but has slowed down considerably in its progress. This paper briefly reviews the colliding beam method and the history of colliders, discusses the development of the method over the last two decades in detail, and examines near-term collider projects that are currently under development. The paper concludes with an attempt to look beyond the current horizon and to find what paradigm changes are necessary

pdf/high-energy-particle-colliders-past-20-years-next-20-years-5dr8802axo.pdf

High-energy Particle Colliders: Past 20 Years, Next 20 Years, And Beyond

The Magnetized Dusty Plasma Experiment at Auburn University has been operational for over one year. In that time, a number of experiments have been performed at magnetic fields up to B = 2.5 T to explore the interaction between magnetized plasmas and charged, micron-sized dust particles. This paper reports on the initial results from studies of: (a) the formation of imposed, ordered structures, (b) the properties of dust wave waves in a rotating frame, and (c) the generation of plasma filaments.

Initial measurements of two- and three-dimensional ordering, waves, and plasma filamentation in the Magnetized Dusty Plasma Experiment

Stochastic transport of a two-dimensional (2D) dusty plasma liquid with a perpendicular magnetic field is studied. Superdiffusion is found to occur especially at higher magnetic fields with $\ensuremath{\beta}$ of order unity. Here, $\ensuremath{\beta}={\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}/{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{pd}$ is the ratio of the cyclotron and plasma frequencies for dust particles. The mean-square displacement $\mathrm{MSD}=4{D}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{t}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ is found to have an exponent $\ensuremath{\alpha}g1$, indicating superdiffusion, with $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ increasing monotonically to $1.1$ as $\ensuremath{\beta}$ increases to unity. The 2D Langevin molecular dynamics simulation used here also reveals that another indicator of random particle motion, the velocity autocorrelation function, has a dominant peak frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\text{peak}}$ that empirically obeys ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\text{peak}}^{2}={\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}^{2}+{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{pd}^{2}/4$.

Superdiffusion of two-dimensional Yukawa liquids due to a perpendicular magnetic field

The magnetized dusty plasma experiment (MDPX) is a newly commissioned plasma device that started operations in late spring, 2014. The research activities of this device are focused on the study of the physics, highly magnetized plasmas, and magnetized dusty plasmas. The design of the MDPX device is centered on two main components: an open bore, superconducting magnet that is designed to produce, in a steady state, both uniform magnetic fields up to 4 Tesla and non-uniform magnetic fields with gradients of 1–2 T m−1 and a flexible, removable, octagonal vacuum chamber that provides substantial probe and optical access to the plasma. This paper will provide a review of the design criteria for the MDPX device, a description of the research objectives, and brief discussion of the research opportunities offered by this multi-institution, multi-user project.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/705433918E9D5311A2F68406ACBE1F48/S0022377815000148a.pdf/div-class-title-the-magnetized-dusty-plasma-experiment-mdpx-div.pdf

The magnetized dusty plasma experiment (MDPX)

The electrostatic potential of a moving dust grain in a complex plasma with magnetized ions is computed using linear response theory, thereby extending our previous work for unmagnetized plasmas (Ludwig et al 2012 New J. Phys. 14 053016). In addition to the magnetic field, our approach accounts for a finite ion temperature as well as ion-neutral collisions. Our recently introduced code Kielstream is used for an efficient calculation of the dust potential. Increasing the magnetization of the ions, we find that the shape of the potential crucially depends on the Mach number M. In the regime of subsonic ion flow (M 1 the magnetic field effectively suppresses the plasma wakefield.

Screened Coulomb potential in a flowing magnetized plasma

This paper discusses the role of magnetic fields in dusty (complex) plasma experiments. It first provides a description of the conditions necessary for a dusty plasma to become fully magnetized. The paper then briefly reviews a series of experimental studies that illustrate how magnetic fields are applied to dusty plasmas—from experiments that use magnetic fields to control the background plasma to those that have strong enough magnetic fields to directly modify the confinement and dynamics of the charged microparticles. The paper will then discuss the newest experiment that is currently under development at Auburn University, the magnetized dusty plasma experiment device. The paper concludes with a discussion of important outstanding physics and technical issues that will define the next generation of experiments.

Magnetized dusty plasmas: the next frontier for complex plasma research

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Magnetized dusty plasmas: the next frontier for complex plasma research