A very intense neutrino super beam experiment for leptonic CP violation discovery based on the European spallation source linac

It is proposed to complement the ESS proton linac with equipment that would enable the production, concurrently with the production of the planned ESS beam used for neutron production, of a 5 MW beam of 10$^{23}$ 2.5 GeV protons per year in microsecond short pulses to produce a neutrino Super Beam, and to install a megaton underground water Cherenkov detector in a mine to detect $\nu_e$ appearance in the produced $\nu_\mu$ beam. Results are presented of preliminary calculations of the sensitivity to neutrino CP violation and the mass hierarchy as a function of the neutrino baseline. The results indicate that, with 8 years of data taking with an antineutrino beam and 2 years with a neutrino beam and a baseline distance of around 400 km, CP violation could be discovered at 5 $\sigma$ (3 $\sigma$) confidence level in 48% (73%) of the total CP violation angular range. With the same baseline, the neutrino mass hierarchy could be determined at 3 $\sigma$ level over most of the total CP violation angular range. There are several underground mines with a depth of more than 1000 m, which could be used for the creation of the underground site for the neutrino detector and which are situated within or near the optimal baseline range.

The use the a high intensity neutrino beam from the ESS proton linac for measurement of neutrino CP violation and mass hierarchy

The EUROnu project has studied three possible options for future, high intensity neutrino oscillation facilities in Europe The first is a Super Beam, in which the neutrinos come from the decay of pions created by bombarding targets with a 4 MW proton beam from the CERN High Power Superconducting Proton Linac The far detector for this facility is the 500 kt MEMPHYS water Cherenkov, located in the Fr\'ejus tunnel The second facility is the Neutrino Factory, in which the neutrinos come from the decay of {\mu}+ and {\mu}- beams in a storage ring The far detector in this case is a 100 kt Magnetised Iron Neutrino Detector at a baseline of 2000 km The third option is a Beta Beam, in which the neutrinos come from the decay of beta emitting isotopes, in particular 6He and 18Ne, also stored in a ring The far detector is also the MEMPHYS detector in the Fr\'ejus tunnel EUROnu has undertaken conceptual designs of these facilities and studied the performance of the detectors Based on this, it has determined the physics reach of each facility, in particular for the measurement of CP violation in the lepton sector, and estimated the cost of construction These have demonstrated that the best facility to build is the Neutrino Factory However, if a powerful proton driver is constructed for another purpose or if the MEMPHYS detector is built for astroparticle physics, the Super Beam also becomes very attractive

The EUROnu Project

Very intense neutrino beams and large neutrino detectors will be needed to enable the discovery of CP violation in the leptonic sector. The European Spallation Source (ESS), currently under construction in Lund, Sweden, is a research center that will provide, by 2023, the world's most powerful neutron source. The average power will be 5 MW. Pulsing this linac at higher frequency, at the same instantaneous power, will make it possible to raise the average beam power to 10 MW to produce, in parallel with the spallation neutron production, a high performance neutrino Super Beam of about 0.4 GeV mean neutrino energy. The ESS neutrino Super Beam, ESSnuSB, operated with a 2.0 GeV linac proton beam, together with a large underground Water Cherenkov detector located at 540 km from Lund, close to the second oscillation maximum, will make it possible to discover leptonic CP violation at 5 sigma significance level in 56 percent (65 percent for an upgrade to 2.5 GeV beam energy) of the leptonic Dirac CP-violating phase range after 10 years of data taking. The paper gives an overview of the proposed facility and presents the outstanding physics reach possible for CP violation with ESSnuSB.

The opportunity offered by the ESSnuSB project to exploit the larger leptonic CP violation signal at the second oscillation maximum and the requirements of this project on the ESS accelerator complex

The discovery of neutrino mixing and oscillations over the past decade provides firm evidence for new physics beyond the Standard Model. Recently, theta13 has been determined to be moderately large, quite close to its previous upper bound. This represents a significant milestone in establishing the three-flavor oscillation picture of neutrinos. It has opened up exciting prospects for current and future long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments towards addressing the remaining fundamental questions, in particular the type of the neutrino mass hierarchy and the possible presence of a CP-violating phase. Another recent and crucial development is the indication of non-maximal 2-3 mixing angle, causing the octant ambiguity of theta23. In this paper, I will review the phenomenology of long-baseline neutrino oscillations with a special emphasis on sub-leading three-flavor effects, which will play a crucial role in resolving these unknowns. First, I will give a brief description of neutrino oscillation phenomenon. Then, I will discuss our present global understanding of the neutrino mass-mixing parameters and will identify the major unknowns in this sector. After that, I will present the physics reach of current generation long-baseline experiments. Finally, I will conclude with a discussion on the physics capabilities of accelerator-driven possible future long-baseline precision oscillation facilities.

Physics Potential of Long-Baseline Experiments

The EUROnu Super Beam work package has studied a neutrino beam based on SPL at CERN and aimed at MEMPHYS, a large water Cherenkov detector, proposed for the Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane (Frejus tunnel, France), with a baseline of 130 km The aim of this proposed experiment is to study the CP violation in the neutrino sector 
In the study reported here, we have developed the conceptual design of the neutrino beam, especially the target and the magnetic focusing device Indeed, this beam present several unprecedented challenges, like the high primary proton beam power (4 MW), the high repetition rate (50 Hz) and the low energy of the protons (45 GeV) The design is completed by a study of all the main component of the system, starting from the transport system to guide the beam to the target up to the beam dump

The SPL-based Neutrino Super Beam

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The SPL-based Neutrino Super Beam