Among the key topics of discussion and research on three-dimensional television (3D-TV), visual comfort is certainly one of the most critical. This is because it is well known that some viewers experience visual discomfort when looking at stereoscopic displays. It is important to properly address the issue of visual comfort to avoid possible delays in the deployment of 3D-TV. Here we present a concise overview of the main topics relevant to comfort in viewing stereoscopic television and survey the key factors influencing visual comfort. Potential end users of 3D-TV, content creators, program providers, broadcasters, display manufacturers and researchers will find this overview useful.

Stereoscopic 3D-TV: Visual Comfort

In this paper we will present the concept of a system that allows for an evolutionary introduction of depth perception into the existing 2D digital TV framework. The work is part of the European Information Society Technologies (IST) project “Advanced Three-Dimensional Television System Technologies” (ATTEST), an activity where industries, research centers and universities have joined forces to design a backwardscompatible, flexible and modular broadcast 3D-TV system, where all parts of the 3D processing chain are optimised to one another. This includes content creation, coding and transmission, display and research in human 3D perception, which be will used to guide the development process. The goals of the project comprise the development of a novel broadcast 3D camera, algorithms to convert existing 2D-video material into 3D, a 2Dcompatible coding and transmission scheme for 3D-video using MPEG2/4/7 technologies and the design of two new autostereoscopic displays.

IST project ATTEST - an evolutionary and optimised approach on 3D-TV

Technologies and applications

A method of rendering video frames starting from source frames of a scene acquired using a multi-viewpoint camera system including a Free Viewpoint Video (FVV) synthesizing process.

Method and system for video rendering, computer program product therefor

Stereoscopic technologies have developed significantly in recent years. These advances require also more understanding
of the experiental dimensions of stereoscopic contents. In this article we describe experiments in which we explore the
experiences that viewers have when they view stereoscopic contents. We used eight different contents that were shown
to the participants in a paired comparison experiment where the task of the participants was to compare the same content
in stereoscopic and non-stereoscopic form. The participants indicated their preference but were also interviewed about
the arguments they used when making the decision. By conducting a qualitative analysis of the interview texts we
categorized the significant experiental factors related to viewing stereoscopic material. Our results indicate that reality-likeness
as well as artificiality were often used as arguments in comparing the stereoscopic materials. Also, there were
more emotional terms in the descriptions of the stereoscopic films, which might indicate that the stereoscopic projection
technique enhances the emotions conveyed by the film material. Finally, the participants indicated that the three-dimensional
material required longer presentation time, as there were more interesting details to see.

Measuring stereoscopic image quality experience with interpretation based quality methodology

Stereoscopic 3D viewing techniques are almost as old as their 2D counterparts: experimental stereoscopic 3DTV immediately followed the invention of TV. Holography is a newer technology compared to stereoscopy, and there are indicators that satisfactory holographic 3DTV may be feasible. Another candidate technology for 3DTV is integral imaging. Holography and integral imaging provide true full parallax 3D displays in the ideal case. All these technologies have their own distinct features, advantages and problems. Interest in all forms of 3DTV has been significantly increasing both in research and commercial communities. An integrated 3DTV system naturally has different components: capturing of 3D moving scenes, their representation, compression and transport, and finally display are the main building blocks. Naturally, the consumer attitude and the related social issues will be rather centred around the display and interaction. 3D scenes can be captured by various means, for example, by using many cameras simultaneously. Furthermore, it is desirable to serve all types of 3D displays with different capabilities. Therefore, It is envisaged that scene capture and display operation will be decoupled in future 3DTV systems: captured scene information will be converted to abstract representations (and maybe stored) using computer graphics techniques, and the display (and observer) will interact with this intermediate data. It is natural to extend conventional video compression techniques to 3D video signals by exploiting the inherent redundancies. Coding of 3D video signals is attracting research interest and related standardization activities are ongoing in bodies like ISO-MPEG. Digital transmission, using adapted streaming techniques is another research area. Autostereoscopic, holographic and volumetric displays have been demonstrated and used. Signal processing techniques are employed to find the technology-dependent display driver signals to get the 3D images from abstract 3D scenes.

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An assessment of 3dtv technologies

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An assessment of 3dtv technologies