About Supramolecular Assemblies of π-Conjugated Systems

A review was presented to demonstrate a historical description of the synthesis of light-emitting conjugated polymers for applications in electroluminescent devices. Electroluminescence (EL) was first reported in poly(para-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) in 1990 and researchers continued to make significant efforts to develop conjugated materials as the active units in light-emitting devices (LED) to be used in display applications. Conjugated oligomers were used as luminescent materials and as models for conjugated polymers in the review. Oligomers were used to demonstrate a structure and property relationship to determine a key polymer property or to demonstrate a technique that was to be applied to polymers. The review focused on demonstrating the way polymer structures were made and the way their properties were controlled by intelligent and rational and synthetic design.

Synthesis of Light-Emitting Conjugated Polymers for Applications in Electroluminescent Devices

This article concentrates on our recent results on several classes of photo- and electro-active organic materials that permit thin film formation and discusses their synthesis, properties, functions and potential applications for electronic and optoelectronic devices. The materials studied include amorphous molecular materials, titanyl phthalocyanine, oligothiophenes with well-defined structures, and non-conjugated polymers containing pendant oligothiophenes or other π-electron systems. The thin films of these materials find potential applications for use in organic electroluminescent, photovoltaic, electrochromic, and other devices.

Organic materials for electronic and optoelectronic devices

A comprehensive review of the literature on electron transport materials (ETMs) used to enhance the performance of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) is presented. The structure−property−performance relationships of many classes of ETMs, both small-molecule- and polymer-based, that have been widely used to improve OLED performance through control of charge injection, transport, and recombination are highlighted. The molecular architecture, electronic structure (electron affinity and ionization potential), thin film processing, thermal stability, morphology, and electron mobility of diverse organic ETMs are discussed and related to their effectiveness in improving OLED performance (efficiency, brightness, and drive voltage). Some issues relating to the experimental procedures for the estimation of relevant material properties such as electron affinity and electron mobility are discussed. The design of multifunctional electroluminescent polymers whereby light emission and electron- and hole-transport pro...

Electron Transport Materials for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes

Organic semiconductor lasers.

Time-of-flight measurements have been used to study carrier transport in films of poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene). We find nondispersive hole transport with a room-temperature mobility, μp=4×10−4 cm2/V s at a field of 5×105 V/cm. The field dependence of the mobility is weak: μp=3×10−4 cm2/V s at 4×104 V/cm and increases only modestly to μp=4.2×10−4 cm2/V s at 8×105 V/cm. Both the relatively high mobility and weak field dependence point to a high degree of chemical regularity and purity that makes polyfluorene attractive for use as an electroluminescent polymer and for other device applications. We have not been able to measure clean electron current transients, suggesting highly dispersive transport with possible deep trapping, as found in many other conjugated polymers.

Nondispersive hole transport in an electroluminescent polyfluorene

High Mobility Hole Transport Fluorene‐Triarylamine Copolymers

Homogeneous alignment of poly(9,9′-dioctylfluorene) films on rubbed polyimide results in a more than one order of magnitude increase in time-of-flight hole mobility normal to the alignment direction. We find μ=8.5±1×10−3 cm2/V s at an electric field of E=104 V/cm. Hole transport is found to be nondispersive, indicating a low degree of energetic disorder.

Mobility enhancement through homogeneous nematic alignment of a liquid-crystalline polyfluorene

The electron transport properties of two soluble tris-phenylquinoxalines have been investigated by the time-of-flight technique. The electron mobilities for both compounds approach 10−4 cm2/V s at electric fields of 106 V/cm at room temperature. These are high values for isotropic electron transport materials suitable for use in organic light emitting diodes.

Electron transport in starburst phenylquinoxalines

Investigations on the grating dynamics in a fast photorefractive guest–host polymer

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