Abstract Background COVID-19 is a new infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2). Since the outbreak in December 2019, it has caused an unprecedented world pandemic, leading to a global human health crisis. Although SARS CoV-2 mainly affects the lungs, causing interstitial pneumonia and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, a number of patients often have extensive clinical manifestations, such as gastrointestinal symptoms, cardiovascular damage and renal dysfunction. Purpose This review article discusses the pathogenic mechanisms of cardiovascular damage in COVID-19 patients and provides some useful suggestions for future clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Methods An English-language literature search was conducted in PubMed and Web of Science databases up to 12th April, 2024 for the terms “COVID-19”, “SARS CoV-2”, “cardiovascular damage”, “myocardial injury”, “myocarditis”, “hypertension”, “arrhythmia”, “heart failure” and “coronary heart disease”, especially update articles in 2023 and 2024. Salient medical literatures regarding the cardiovascular damage of COVID-19 were selected, extracted and synthesized. Results The most common cardiovascular damage was myocarditis and pericarditis, hypertension, arrhythmia, myocardial injury and heart failure, coronary heart disease, stress cardiomyopathy, ischemic stroke, blood coagulation abnormalities, and dyslipidemia. Two important pathogenic mechanisms of the cardiovascular damage may be direct viral cytotoxicity as well as indirect hyperimmune responses of the body to SARS CoV-2 infection. Conclusions Cardiovascular damage in COVID-19 patients is common and portends a worse prognosis. Although the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiovascular damage related to COVID-19 are not completely clear, two important pathogenic mechanisms of cardiovascular damage may be the direct damage of the SARSCoV-2 infection and the indirect hyperimmune responses. 

pdf/pathogenic-mechanisms-of-cardiovascular-damage-in-covid-19-lhewtxxqxz.pdf

Pathogenic mechanisms of cardiovascular damage in COVID-19

Hyponatremia and takotsubo syndrome: a review of pathogenetic and clinical implications.

Cocaine is used as an illicit substance responsible for the most common cause of drug-related death. It is a stimulant that acts on the sympathetic nervous system and cardiovascular system leading to exaggerated, prolonged sympathetic activity due to the accumulation of neurotransmitters. Cardiovascular side effects of cocaine are coronary artery spasms, myocarditis, arrhythmias, and congestive heart failure. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM) is characterized by transient hypokinesis, akinesis, or dyskinesis of the left ventricle (LV) wall with or without apical involvement in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease. Cocaine-induced TCM is an extremely rare condition emphasizing the need of its prompt diagnosis by the physicians. We present a case report of a 54-year-old male, brought to the emergency department (ED) after an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (CA), found to have TCM in the setting of cocaine use. Clinicians need to understand the association between cocaine use and the development of TCM as cardiomyopathy of this type can result in complete remission after discontinuing the offending agent.

/pdf/cardiac-arrest-ca-as-the-initial-presentation-of-cocaine-19cdxjiw.pdf

Cardiac Arrest (CA) as the Initial Presentation of Cocaine-Induced Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy (TCM): A Case Report and Review of Literature

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM) is a well-recognized non-ischemic complication of physical and emotional stressors leading to heart dysfunction. Both thyroid storm and cocaine have been implicated with TCM to varying degrees. We present the case of a 26-year-old male with Graves' disease and cocaine abuse who was hospitalized with thyroid storm resulting in takotsubo cardiomyopathy and cardiogenic shock. The patient had a long and complicated hospital course, requiring advanced therapies including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and other medical and mechanical circulatory support therapies. With treatment for thyroid storm using antithyroid medications and steroids, the patient eventually had complete recovery of his left ventricular function and was ultimately weaned from pressors, inotropes and mechanical support. 

Catecholamine Mega Storm Triggered by Cocaine Use and Thyrotoxicosis Crisis

Present study aims to evaluate phytochemical and chromatographic profile, along with antioxidant and anti proliferative properties of Mimosa diplotricha ethanolic leaf extract. Qualitative screening of phytoconstituents by consecutive solvent extraction in increased polarity basis and standardization of potential extract based on phytochemical elution profile was done. Selected secondary metabolites like phenols, flavanoids, tannins and alkaloids were quantified in ethanolic extract. Chromatographic profile was determined by HPTLC and GC-MS analysis. In vitro antioxidant potential was assessed by DPPH, superoxide, nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. Ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) and reducing potential of the respective extract were also determined. Anticancer potential was confirmed by cytotoxic screening in colorectal (HCT-116) cancer cell lines by MTT assay. Qualitative phytochemical analysis and chromatographic profile reveal a phytoconstituent rich profile for the ethanolic leaf extract. The amount of, phenols (56 ± 0.57 mg/g), flavanoids (27 ± 0.76 mg/g), tannins (33 ± 0.15 mg/g) were quantified as equivalent of gallic acid, quercetin and tannic acid standards respectively and alkaloids (2.51 ± 0.47 mg/g of extracted plant material) were expressed based on respective analysis. Results also reveal convincing antioxidant potential for respective extract. In vitro cytotoxicity confirmed by MTT assay represents an IC50 value of 97.82 µg/ml. From the above results it can be concluded that M.diplotricha has got pharmacologically significant phytoconstituents and therapeutic active ingredients as evident in HPTLC and GC-MS analysis. This is further supported by considerable antioxidant and anti proliferative properties observed in respective assays.

Phytochemical and chromatographic characterization of Mimosa diplotricha Wright ex. Sauvalle ethanolic leaf extract and assessment of antioxidant potential and anti-proliferative effect on colorectal cancer (HCT-116) cell lines

McKittrick–Wheelock syndrome commonly presents with a triad of chronic secretory diarrhea, electrolyte disturbances, and renal failure. Secretory diarrhea is due to active ion secretion secondary to secretagogue secretion (cyclic adenosine monophosphate and prostaglandin E2). The mainstay of treatment for these lesions is surgical since it will arrest the loss of electrolytes that may lead to serious clinical consequences. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as indomethacin may be used to decrease electrolyte secretion in patients that desire a nonsurgical approach. Our patient is unique in that this is the first case of a tubular adenoma with high-grade dysplasia leading to MWS and progressing to circulatory collapse with severe electrolyte disturbances. Aggressive replacement of fluids and electrolytes is essential to the survival of these patients.

/pdf/mckittrick-wheelock-syndrome-a-rare-case-of-secretory-jqms5uds.pdf

McKittrick–Wheelock Syndrome: A Rare Case of Secretory Diarrhea

Coronavirus disease 2019 and influenza B can have similar presentations and are self-limited in most cases. They are rarely associated with fatal cardiovascular complications. Coronavirus and influenza B-induced myocarditis is a rare but reversible cause of cardiogenic shock. Early detection plus administration of antiviral agents and supportive care with mechanical circulatory support in the form of an intra-aortic balloon pump can be a lifesaving measure in myocarditis.

/pdf/a-rare-case-of-fulminant-myocarditis-caused-by-covid-19-and-2r639r6i.pdf

A Rare Case of Fulminant Myocarditis Caused by COVID-19 and Influenza B Co-infection

S3063 Jaundice? Look for Exposure to TMP-SMX!

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide with an ever-increasing incidence rate. Commonly used treatment modalities for CRC include chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which are often associated with adverse effects and limited efficacy. Literature review indicates that multiple factors play a role in CRC pathogenesis such as genetic predispositions, alteration in the gut microbiome and dietary changes. Therefore, it is important to develop a multi-targeted approach for CRC prevention and treatment. Phytochemicals are naturally occurring compounds that exhibit anti-cancer and antioxidant properties by regulating multiple pathways that are involved in CRC tumorigenesis. Numerous phytochemicals exert therapeutic effects against CRC. In this review, we have discussed the role of some widely acknowledged phytochemicals like curcumin, resveratrol, and sulforaphane in both the CRC onset and progression. These phytochemicals are naturally occurring and are known to exhibit anti-cancer activity against CRC by regulating various key signaling pathways including the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. By regulating vital molecular pathways, the course of CRC can be positively altered. The evidence outlined within this literature review suggests the significance of these phytochemicals as preventive agents and their potential role in developing effective therapies. This review emphasizes the molecular mechanisms of curcumin, resveratrol, and sulforaphane that can effectively target CRC development and progression. Additionally, previously performed in vitro and in vivo studies including these promising phytochemicals have also been briefly summarized. 

The Role of Phytochemicals in Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. BRAF mutation is present in about 10% of CRC patients and is associated with a poor response to chemotherapy. These patients have a relatively poor prognosis. This review aims to assess the efficacy and safety of BRAF inhibitors in BRAF-mutated CRC patients. A literature search was performed on PubMed and Embase, and clinical trials relevant to BRAF inhibitors in CRC were included. Data were extracted for efficacy and safety variables. Two randomized clinical trials (n = 765) and eight non-randomized trials (n = 281) were included based on inclusion criteria. In RCTs, an overall response was reported in 23% of the patients treated with BRAF inhibitor-based regimens compared to 2.5% with control regimens. The hazard ratio of overall survival was also significantly better with triplet encorafenib therapy at 0.52 (95% CI = 0.39–0.70). In single-arm trials, ORR was 17% and 34% in two-drug and three-drug regimens, respectively. BRAF inhibitor-based regimens were safe and effective in the treatment of BRAF-mutated CRC. Large-scale randomized trials are needed to find a suitable population for each regimen. PROSPERO registration No. CRD42023471627.

BRAF Inhibitors in BRAF-Mutated Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

M. Rayad

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

McKittrick–Wheelock Syndrome: A Rare Case of Secretory Diarrhea

A Rare Case of Fulminant Myocarditis Caused by COVID-19 and Influenza B Co-infection

S3063 Jaundice? Look for Exposure to TMP-SMX!

The Role of Phytochemicals in Colorectal Cancer

BRAF Inhibitors in BRAF-Mutated Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review