Adopted values for the reduced electric quadrupole transition probability, B(E2)↑, from the ground state to the first-excited 2+ state of even–even nuclides are given in Table I. Values of τ, the mean life of the 2+ state; E, the energy; and β, the quadrupole deformation parameter, are also listed there. The ratio of β to the value expected from the single-particle model is presented. The intrinsic quadrupole moment, Q0, is deduced from the B(E2)↑ value. The product E×B(E2)↑ is expressed as a percentage of the energy-weighted total and isoscalar E2 sum-rule strengths.

Table II presents the data on which Table I is based, namely the experimental results for B(E2)↑ values with quoted uncertainties. Information is also given on the quantity measured and the method used. The literature has been covered to November 2000.

The adopted B(E2)↑ values are compared in Table III with the values given by systematics and by various theoretical models. Predictions of unmeasured B(E2)↑ values are also given in Table III.

Transition probability from the ground to the first-excited 2^+ state of even-even nuclides

The change in mean-square nuclear charge radii δ⟨r^{2}⟩ along the even-A tin isotopic chain ^{108-134}Sn has been investigated by means of collinear laser spectroscopy at ISOLDE/CERN using the atomic transitions 5p^{2} ^{1}S_{0}→5p6 s^{1}P_{1} and 5p^{2} ^{3}P_{0}→5p6s ^{3}P_{1}. With the determination of the charge radius of ^{134}Sn and corrected values for some of the neutron-rich isotopes, the evolution of the charge radii across the N=82 shell closure is established. A clear kink at the doubly magic ^{132}Sn is revealed, similar to what has been observed at N=82 in other isotopic chains with larger proton numbers, and at the N=126 shell closure in doubly magic ^{208}Pb. While most standard nuclear density functional calculations struggle with a consistent explanation of these discontinuities, we demonstrate that a recently developed Fayans energy density functional provides a coherent description of the kinks at both doubly magic nuclei, ^{132}Sn and ^{208}Pb, without sacrificing the overall performance. A multiple correlation analysis leads to the conclusion that both kinks are related to pairing and surface effects.

Laser Spectroscopy of Neutron-Rich Tin Isotopes: A Discontinuity in Charge Radii across the N=82 Shell Closure

The neutron-rich edge of the nuclear landscape: Experiment and theory.

In spite of the high-density and strongly correlated nature of the atomic nucleus, experimental and theoretical evidence suggests that around particular 'magic' numbers of nucleons, nuclear properties are governed by a single unpaired nucleon1,2. A microscopic understanding of the extent of this behaviour and its evolution in neutron-rich nuclei remains an open question in nuclear physics3-5. The indium isotopes are considered a textbook example of this phenomenon6, in which the constancy of their electromagnetic properties indicated that a single unpaired proton hole can provide the identity of a complex many-nucleon system6,7. Here we present precision laser spectroscopy measurements performed to investigate the validity of this simple single-particle picture. Observation of an abrupt change in the dipole moment at N = 82 indicates that, whereas the single-particle picture indeed dominates at neutron magic number N = 82 (refs. 2,8), it does not for previously studied isotopes. To investigate the microscopic origin of these observations, our work provides a combined effort with developments in two complementary nuclear many-body methods: ab initio valence-space in-medium similarity renormalization group and density functional theory (DFT). We find that the inclusion of time-symmetry-breaking mean fields is essential for a correct description of nuclear magnetic properties, which were previously poorly constrained. These experimental and theoretical findings are key to understanding how seemingly simple single-particle phenomena naturally emerge from complex interactions among protons and neutrons. 

/pdf/nuclear-moments-of-indium-isotopes-reveal-abrupt-change-at-2v8wec2f.pdf

Nuclear moments of indium isotopes reveal abrupt change at magic number 82

In this review, we describe the experimental facilities and methods which make it possible to produce and measure the properties of the extreme neutron rich nuclei. We then develop the theoretical framework that will accompany us along the review; the shell-model approach with large scale configuration interaction (mixing) SM-CI, with special emphasis in the competition between the spherical mean field and the nuclear correlations (mainly pairing and quadrupole-quadrupole). The symmetry properties of the latter are treated in detail as they will show to be of great heuristic value. We explore in detail the Islands of Inversion (IoI) at N=20 and N=28. We make a side excursion into the heavier Calcium and Potassium isotopes, to discuss current issues on shell evolution and new magic numbers far from stability. We visit the N=40 Island of Inversion. We discuss the doubly magic nucleus 78Ni, its shape coexistence and the prospect of a new IoI at N=50 below Z=28. We examine the N=70 and N=82 neutron closures approaching the neutron drip line.

/pdf/the-neutron-rich-edge-of-the-nuclear-landscape-experiment-3tzj3nijpn.pdf

The Neutron-Rich Edge of the Nuclear Landscape. Experiment and Theory.

Enhanced collectivity along the N = Z line: Lifetime measurements in 44Ti, 48Cr, and 52Fe

The first 2+ and 3- states of the doubly magic nucleus Sn132 are populated via safe Coulomb excitation employing the recently commissioned HIE-ISOLDE accelerator at CERN in conjunction with the highly efficient MINIBALL array. The Sn132 ions are accelerated to an energy of 5.49 MeV/nucleon and impinged on a Pb206 target. Deexciting γ rays from the low-lying excited states of the target and the projectile are recorded in coincidence with scattered particles. The reduced transition strengths are determined for the transitions 0g.s.+→21+, 0g.s.+→31-, and 21+→31- in Sn132. The results on these states provide crucial information on cross-shell configurations which are determined within large-scale shell-model and Monte Carlo shell-model calculations as well as from random-phase approximation and relativistic random-phase approximation. The locally enhanced B(E2;0g.s.+→21+) strength is consistent with the microscopic description of the structure of the respective states within all theoretical approaches. The presented results of experiment and theory can be considered to be the first direct verification of the sphericity and double magicity of Sn132. (Less)

/pdf/enhanced-quadrupole-and-octupole-strength-in-doubly-magic-sn-4ryhy75rf5.pdf

Enhanced Quadrupole and Octupole Strength in Doubly Magic Sn-132

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Enhanced collectivity along the N = Z line: Lifetime measurements in 44Ti, 48Cr, and 52Fe

Enhanced Quadrupole and Octupole Strength in Doubly Magic Sn-132