▪ Abstract This chapter presents an experimental overview of collective flow phenomena in heavy-ion collisions in the incident energy regime from 100 AMeV to 160 AGeV. The characteristic features of various types of flow are described. The discussion of common dependences on the collision system and bombarding energy focuses on the different time scales of the underlying physics processes. Special emphasis is placed on the presence of structures in the excitation functions. The sensitivity of the available data to changes of nuclear-matter properties, e.g. equation of state, medium effects, and phase transitions, is discussed.

Collective flow in heavy-ion collisions

Systematics of central heavy ion collisions in the 1A GeV regime

Out-of-plane emission of nuclear matter in Au+Au collisions between 100 and 800 AMeV

We reviewa molecular dynamics method for nucleon many-body systems called quantum molecular
dynamics (QMD), and our studies using this method. These studies address the structure
and the dynamics of nuclear matter relevant to neutron star crusts, supernova cores, and heavyion
collisions. A key advantage of QMD is that we can study dynamical processes of nucleon
many-body systems without any assumptions about the nuclear structure. First, we focus on the
inhomogeneous structures of low-density nuclear matter consisting not only of spherical nuclei
but also of nuclear “pasta”, i.e., rod-like and slab-like nuclei. We show that pasta phases can
appear in the ground and equilibrium states of nuclear matter without assuming nuclear shape.
Next, we show our simulation of compression of nuclear matter which corresponds to the collapsing
stage of supernovae. With the increase in density, a crystalline solid of spherical nuclei
changes to a triangular lattice of rods by connecting neighboring nuclei. Finally, we discuss
fragment formation in expanding nuclear matter. Our results suggest that a generally accepted
scenario based on the liquid–gas phase transition is not plausible at lower temperatures.

/pdf/molecular-dynamics-for-dense-matter-2n1ejep0hr.pdf

Molecular dynamics for dense matter

Experimental data related to fragment production in central Au on Au collisions were analysed in the framework of a modified statistical model which considers cluster production both prior and at the equilibrated stage. The analysis provides limits to the number of nucleons and to the temperature of the equilibrated source. The rather moderate temperatures obtained from experimental double-yield ratios of d, t, 3He and 4He are in agreement with the model calculations. A phenomenological relation was established between the collective flow and the chemical temperature in these reactions. It is shown that dynamical mechanisms of fragment production, e.g. coalescence, dominate at high energies. It is demonstrated that coalescence may be consistent with chemical equilibrium between the produced fragments. The different meaning of chemical and kinetic temperatures is discussed.

Limits of complete equilibration of fragments produced in central Au on Au collisions at intermediate energies

Complete distributions of the light and intermediate mass fragments ({ital Z}=1--6) produced within the polar angular range 1{sup {circ}}{le}{Theta}{sub lab}{le}30{sup {circ}} in highly central collisions of 250{ital A} MeV Au+Au are presented. The results of this measurement and a model analysis are used to study the expansion and clustering of the hot and compressed transient state formed in central collisions of such a heavy system. The influence of the initial conditions on the final observables is discussed.

Cluster formation during expansion of hot and compressed nuclear matter produced in central collisions of Au on Au at 250A MeV.

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Cluster formation during expansion of hot and compressed nuclear matter produced in central collisions of Au on Au at 250A MeV.