Background
Nerve and its related factors in the occurrence and development of periodontitis are worthy of further study. Denervation research is a useful addition to nerve and innervation studies. The aim of this study is to establish a rat model of inferior alveolar nerve transection combined with ligature-induced periodontitis to elucidate the effects of denervation on ligature-induced rat periodontitis.

Material and Methods
Sixty-four Wistar rats were distributed to the four groups randomly: ligation (L); denervation (D); ligation+denervation (LD); and normal (N) as control. A ligation-inducing rat experimental periodontitis model was established in the L and LD groups. Rats in the D and LD groups also underwent the transection of the right inferior alveolar nerve simultaneously. Four weeks after the operation, the mandibles were taken out for micro-computed tomography analysis. Osteoclast number was observed through TRAP staining. The gingival tissues around the first molars were homogenized and measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Collagen fibers were observed using Picro-Sirius Red staining. Nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 and IκBα phosphorylation and osteoprotegerin (OPG)/receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) ratio in the gingival tissues were detected by western blotting.

Results
Denervation strongly promoted ligature-induced alveolar bone loss in the LD group. The alveolar bone loss of the LD group was significantly increased compared with the L group. Furthermore, denervation aggravated trabecular bone breakdown in the bone specific parameters, including percentage bone area, trabecular thickness and bone mineral density. Increased TRAP-positive osteoclasts were detected in alveolar bone of the LD group. More serious collagen fiber destructions and increased expressions of IL-1β and TNF-α were found in the LD group. NF-κB p65 and IκBα phosphorylation were also significantly upregulated in the LD group. OPG/RANKL ratio in the gingival extracts was markedly decreased in the LD group compared with the L group. Decreased OPG/RANKL ratio was observed in the D group, compared with the N group.

Conclusion
Denervation effectively aggravates ligature-induced rat periodontitis by the NF-κB signaling pathway for excessive production of IL-1β and TNF-α and increased osteoclasts for decreased OPG/RANKL ratio. The rat model of inferior alveolar nerve transection that combined ligature-induced periodontitis provides an animal model to observe further the change of nerve-related factors in the occurrence and development of periodontitis, so as to select positive nerve-related factors to regulate inflammation and promote periodontal regeneration in the future.

Denervation effectively aggravates rat experimental periodontitis

Effect of inositol -stabilized arginine silicate on arthritis in a rat model.

Роль макрофагів при хронічному пародонтиті (ХП) невіддільна, але недостатньо з’ясована. Мета роботи – тематичний аналіз фахової літератури щодо внеску М1/М2 макрофагів у патогенез хронічного пародонтиту, а також методик досліджень макрофагів для визначення напряму, підходів наступних досліджень. Проаналізували наукові статті за темою, що дібрані в пошукових системах Академія Google , PMC , PubMed, та власні дослідження. М1 макрофаги можуть робити внесок на початку загострення ХП у посилення загального запалення, руйнування періодонта, а також зумовлювати пригнічення остеокластогенезу. М2 макрофаги можуть розвивати толерантність (під впливом ЛПС пародонтопатогенних мікроорганізмів) і посилювати власний прозапальний потенціал. Експериментальне виснаження всіх макрофагів (з використанням ліпосом клодронату) може запобігати резорбції кісткової тканини пародонтf. Впливи на М1/М2 при ХП для лікування мало досліджені. Поляризація макрофагів регулюється широким спектром розпізнавальних рецепторів, цитокінів, специфічних сигнальних шляхів і генетичних програм, ряд з них використовують як маркери певного фенотипу макрофагів. Унікальні молекули для М1/М2 відсутні. Фенотипові маркери М1/М1 частково збігаються, тому в дослідженнях визначають їх комбінацію або набір/комбінацію експресованих генів. Наведено перелік маркерів, які використовували в різних дослідженнях для ідентифікації М1 і М2. Висновки. Більшість відомостей щодо ролі М1/М2 при ХП отримані in vitro на макрофагах моноцитарного походження й на моделях у тварин. Макрофаги та їхні субпопуляції М1 і М2 відіграють важливу роль у патогенезі ХП у людини. Фенотипи макрофагів, які переважають, залишається невизначеними, як і наслідки впливів на них. Методи імуногістохімії є незамінними на цьому етапі досліджень у людини, враховуючи доступність біопсійного матеріалу.

/pdf/vklad-subpopuliatsii-makrofagov-v-patogenez-khronicheskogo-4mim0wnlyw.pdf

Вклад субпопуляций макрофагов в патогенез хронического пародонтита у человека и перспективы исследования. Обзор литературы

Inositol-stabilized arginine silicate, otherwise referred to as arginine silicate inositol (ASI), is a novel bioavailable source of arginine, silicon, and inositol providing multiple health benefits. ASI is comprises a bonded arginine–silicate complex, stabilized by inositol. It has been affirmed as generally recognized as safe and is marketed in the United States after Food and Drug Administration New Dietary Ingredient Notification under the tradename Nitrosigine. It starts to work within 15 min of ingesting and significantly increases arginine levels for up to 6 h (Kalman et al., 2015). ASI has been shown to provide benefits in several populations, including those involved in athletic fitness. A study of healthy active males, supplementing 1500 mg of ASI daily for 4 days, reported significantly increased preworkout energy levels and increased muscle hyperemia or “pump” after exercise (Rood-Ojalvo et al., 2015). There is also evidence to support its role as a sports nutrition ingredient by improving cognitive function and focus before exercise (Kalman et al., 2016) and muscle recovery after exercise (Rood-Ojalvo et al., 2015). The effects of arginine and silicon on joint health and connective tissue metabolism in mammals are well documented, and the ASI complex has been shown to benefit bone and vascular health (Russell, 2005). Related benefits of the ASI complex include a report of decreased periodontal destruction in rats with induced periodontitis (Dundar et al., 2016) and decreased wound healing time in rats when ASI was applied topically (Durmus et al., 2017). The major objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of the research on the efficacy and safety of ASI with focus on the sports nutrition market.

Inositol-Stabilized Arginine Silicate: A Novel Nitric Oxide-Boosting Ingredient for Sports Nutrition and Improved Cognition

1. Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is a skeletal disorder in broilers that has financial implications, necessitating dietary modifications to reduce the prevalence of this disease. This study explored how arginine silicate inositol complex (ASI) supplementation affected tibial growth plate (TGP) and overall bone health in broilers with manganese (Mn) deficiency-induced TD.2. A total of 240 broiler chicks were divided into four groups, each consisting of 60 birds (15 replicates of four broilers each) as follows: i) Control, with 60 mg Mn per kg of diet; ii) ASI, with 60 mg Mn and 1 g ASI per kg of diet; iii) TD, with 22 mg Mn per kg of diet, and iv) TD+ASI, with 22 mg Mn and 1 g ASI per kg of diet.3. It was found that ASI supplementation increased tibial bone length in Mn-deficient TD broilers (p = 0.007). There was no Mn x ASI interaction for other bone morphometry variables (p > 0.05). However, both tibial bone mineral content and density were affected by Mn and ASI (p < 0.05). With ASI supplementation, serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin levels were elevated in the TD+ASI group compared to the TD group (p < 0.001). In the TD group, osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels in the TGP decreased compared to the control groups (p < 0.001).4. In contrast, ASI supplementation in the TD broilers counteracted the decrease in OPG compared to TD broilers without ASI supplementation (p < 0.001). The Mn level and ASI supplementation significantly influenced the OPG/receptor activator of the nuclear factor-κB ligand ratio (p < 0.001).5. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that inclusion of ASI in broiler diets could enhance bone formation variables by controlling OPG levels in the TGP, potentially serving as an effective method to decrease the occurrence of TD.

Impact of the arginine silicate inositol complex on bone metabolism in broiler chickens with tibial dyschondroplasia caused by manganese deficiency.

The purpose of this study was to induce experimental periodontitis in rats previously fed diets containing arginine silicate inositol (ASI) complex and examine the biochemical, immunological, and radiological effects. Fifty two 8-week-old female Sprague Dawley rats were equally divided into four groups. The control group included those fed a standard rat diet with no operation performed during the experiment. The periodontitis, ASI I, and ASI II groups were subjected to experimental periodontitis induction for 11 days after being fed a standard rat diet alone, a diet containing 1.81 g/kg ASI complex, or a diet containing 3.62 g/kg ASI complex, respectively, for 8 weeks. Throughout the 11-day duration of periodontitis induction, all rats were fed standard feed. The rats were euthanized on the eleventh day, and their tissue and blood samples were collected. In the periodontitis group, elevated tissue destruction parameters and reduced tissue formation parameters were found, as compared to the ASI groups. Levels of enzymes, cytokines, and mediators associated with periodontal tissue destruction were lower in rats fed a diet containing ASI complex after experimental periodontitis. These results indicate that ASI complex could be an alternative agent for host modulation.

https://www.dovepress.com/getfile.php?fileID=33598

Dietary arginine silicate inositol complex inhibits periodontal tissue loss in rats with ligature-induced periodontitis.

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Dietary arginine silicate inositol complex inhibits periodontal tissue loss in rats with ligature-induced periodontitis.