This study focuses on multi-hazard analysis for bridges, following a two-tier approach. First, it identifies relevant open issues and recent literature developments in the field, presenting data in a meaningful manner, with specific focus on the issues related with the analysis of hazard chain scenario treated as low probability-high consequence events. Second, it describes a practically useful and sufficiently generic approach for efficient computational investigation of hazard-chain scenarios in highway bridges. Following that, the applicability of the approach is exemplified in an appealing and commonly encountered in real-life hazard-chain scenario, in which a multilevel modeling strategy is adopted to assess the structural response under hazard chain scenarios of a highway viaduct. Among the considered scenarios is the impact of a heavy vehicle (tank truck) on the bridge pier, and the fire spread following the collision due to the presence of inflammable material. The bridge structure is a typical 189m long multi-span composite highway viaduct. The impact is modelled with a non-linear transient dynamic analysis that accounts the inertial effect of the global structure, while the fire modelling is performed with non-linear quasi static dynamic analysis focusing on local behavior with a sub-structured model. Then different impact and fire scenarios are considered, including different impact velocities of the truck.

/pdf/multi-hazard-assessment-of-bridges-in-case-of-hazard-chain-4o09k0yhhz.pdf

Multi-Hazard Assessment of Bridges in Case of Hazard Chain: State of Play and Application to Vehicle-Pier Collision Followed by Fire

In some places of the world, disasters occur virtually every day. If disasters are not properly foreseen, they may result in many fatalities. This research aims to examine the growth and pattern of literature on natural disaster education in schools. This analytical strategy combines quantitative and statistical methods to discover trends, assess quality, and track development. A total of 216 documents were chosen from the 403 documents collected. Following 2015, there was a considerable increase in four-year publications. Authors from the United States contributed to 45 papers with 37% citations and ranked first, followed by authors from Japan (31 documents; 15% citations) and Indonesia (31 documents) with rankings citations below the top 10. Most publications were published in the International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction (12 docs; Q1 Scimago Journal Rank 1.1 (SJR 1.1)). The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines had the most citations (100; Q1 SJR 3.6) and was ranked first in its discipline. The existing core literature on school education on natural disasters demonstrates that this topic is developing rapidly, but with insufficient international research collaboration. Research cooperation in this area must be strengthened to better the global response to natural disaster mitigation, which should begin in schools worldwide. There is a need to widen the scope of study in this field to include natural disaster preparedness education in the school curriculum, assessments, learning media, disaster response education, and instructional designs. Finally, disaster education in schools must be addressed as soon as possible to contribute to disaster preparedness.

Natural Disaster Education in School: A Bibliometric Analysis with a Detailed Future Insight Overview

The current study is based on the analysis and adaptation of a Federal Emergency Management Agency guide, FEMA P-1000, from the USA to improve school safety against natural hazards by applying the guide to the infrastructure of Ecuadorian schools, focusing primarily on seismic risk. By considering the technical foundations of structuring and managing disasters in buildings for school use, society will be provided with a practical procedure to recognize those aspects that need immediate attention as part of proper risk management. Here, a variety of parameters are involved in the proposed methodology of the given guide from FEMA combined with the national construction standards and regulations. The characteristics of nearby geological faults and structural and nonstructural vulnerability levels, amongst others, were also considered to allow for a detailed evaluation and a subsequent seismic risk categorization. Finally, the global risk is determined for the studied institutions of Sangolquí in the Valley of Los Chillos, within the Interandean Depression in central Ecuador.

https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/12/9/1471/pdf?version=1663726020

Case Study of the Application of an Innovative Guide for the Seismic Vulnerability Evaluation of Schools Located in Sangolquí, Interandean Valley in Ecuador

Deficient RC frames with ground soft-story irregularity have been constructed in many countries. Past earthquakes have shown that such structures are vulnerable and must be retrofitted. This study investigated the cyclic response of two one-bay, two-story, 1/2.5-scaled RC frames with inadequate lap splice length through experimental works and numerical simulations. One of the frames was kept as the reference, and the other was strengthened using a chevron brace system. The frames were subjected to displacement-controlled quasi-static cyclic loading, and their cyclic responses were recorded and compared. Besides, the lumped plasticity model was used to investigate the effect of the strength of infill walls on the force-displacement response of the retrofitted frame. The experimentally obtained results indicated that the employed chevron brace system significantly enhanced the cyclic response of the reference frame. The retrofitted frame exhibited a 171% greater ultimate strength than the reference frame. Besides, the retrofitted frame's initial and post-yield stiffness were 2.2 and 6.9 times greater than that of the reference frame. At a 3.5% drift ratio, the retrofitted frame dissipated 233% more energy than the reference frame. In small drift ratios, the retrofitted frame exhibited a faster decay in the lateral stiffness; however, at large drift ratios, both frames showed a comparable stiffness degradation rate. Numerical simulations showed that the infill wall's lateral strength could alter the retrofitted frame's failure mode and significantly affect its force-displacement response. 

Seismic strengthening of deficient ground soft-story RC frames with inadequate lap splice using chevron brace

Abstract Indonesia is located in one of the most seismically active regions in the world and often experiences damaging earthquakes. In the past the housing sector has sustained higher earthquake related damage and losses than other sectors. This is often attributed to the fact that the most common houses in Indonesia are non-engineered, built with poor quality workmanship, poor quality materials and without resilient seismic design features. However little effort has been made to quantify how fragile Indonesian houses are, or how their fragility may vary according to the population density or relative wealth of a region. It is not possible to derive empirical fragility functions for Indonesia due to insufficient damage data. The aim of this study is to determine whether existing earthquake fragility functions can be applied to common house types in Indonesia. Scenario damage analyses simulating the 2006 Yogyakarta and 2009 Padang events were undertaken several times testing different fragility functions. The simulated damage results were then compared to the damage observed post event to determine whether an accurate damage prediction could be achieved. It was found that the common house types in Yogyakarta and Central Java vary according to age of construction, location and relative wealth of a region and can be reasonably well represented by existing fragility functions. However, the houses in Padang and surrounding West Sumatra did not vary in a predictable manner and are more fragile than anticipated. Therefore, the fragility of the most common house types in Indonesia differs between Central Java and West Sumatra. This has important implications for seismic damage and risk assessment undertaken in Indonesia. 

Fragility of Indonesian houses: scenario damage analysis of the 2006 Yogyakarta and 2009 Padang earthquakes

This paper presents the observations during EEFIT’s post-earthquake reconnaissance missions to the September 20, 2009 Padang (Mw7.6), March 11, 2011 Tōhoku (Mw9.0) and April 16, 2016 Muisne (Mw7.8) earthquakes. The performance of buildings and geotechnical structures within the affected regions were investigated to gain insights on their design and construction deficiencies. Findings on these damage observed are compared along with the characteristics of the earthquake and nature of building codes in these countries. They include building damage caused by resonance, deficiencies in reinforcement detailing, vulnerability to soft storey collapse, ground settlement, soil liquefaction and landslides. It was demonstrated that buildings which were severely damaged had natural building frequencies coinciding with the dominant frequencies of the ground shaking. The locations of damage of several such buildings showed insufficient confining reinforcements and lapping of stirrup links. Soft storey collapses were also observed in the three earthquakes, although many were attributed to old building codes that were less effective. In areas affected by the Muisne earthquake, soft storey collapses were mainly found at mid height of the building rather than at the ground floor as observed in the Padang and Tōhoku earthquakes, likely due to extension of building long after the bottom floors were completed. In the aspect of geotechnical failure, foundations of buildings found on piles performed reasonably well, except for areas affected by soil liquefaction. Landslides occurred following these earthquakes led to large concentration of casualties and property losses, motivating the EEFIT teams to invest efforts in hazard mapping and ground-truthing exercises using satellite images at Padang and Muisne earthquakes respectively. Such geospatial tools applied in these three earthquakes were reviewed and demonstrated to be capable of identifying landslide sites and producing reliable landslide hazard map.

/pdf/lessons-learnt-from-the-2009-padang-indonesia-2011-tohoku-6xrerybts7.pdf

Lessons Learnt From the 2009 Padang Indonesia, 2011 Tōhoku Japan and 2016 Muisne Ecuador Earthquakes

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Lessons Learnt From the 2009 Padang Indonesia, 2011 Tōhoku Japan and 2016 Muisne Ecuador Earthquakes