Regional geology mapping using satellite-based remote sensing approach in Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica

Listvenites normally form during hydrothermal/metasomatic alteration of mafic and ultramafic rocks and represent a key indicator for the occurrence of ore mineralizations in orogenic systems. Hydrothermal/metasomatic alteration mineral assemblages are one of the significant indicators for ore mineralizations in the damage zones of major tectonic boundaries, which can be detected using multispectral satellite remote sensing data. In this research, Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) multispectral remote sensing data were used to detect listvenite occurrences and alteration mineral assemblages in the poorly exposed damage zones of the boundaries between the Wilson, Bowers and Robertson Bay terranes in Northern Victoria Land (NVL), Antarctica. Spectral information for detecting alteration mineral assemblages and listvenites were extracted at pixel and sub-pixel levels using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA)/Independent Component Analysis (ICA) fusion technique, Linear Spectral Unmixing (LSU) and Constrained Energy Minimization (CEM) algorithms. Mineralogical assemblages containing Fe2+, Fe3+, Fe-OH, Al-OH, Mg-OH and CO3 spectral absorption features were detected in the damage zones of the study area by implementing PCA/ICA fusion to visible and near infrared (VNIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands of ASTER. Silicate lithological groups were mapped and discriminated using PCA/ICA fusion to thermal infrared (TIR) bands of ASTER. Fraction images of prospective alteration minerals, including goethite, hematite, jarosite, biotite, kaolinite, muscovite, antigorite, serpentine, talc, actinolite, chlorite, epidote, calcite, dolomite and siderite and possible zones encompassing listvenite occurrences were produced using LSU and CEM algorithms to ASTER VNIR+SWIR spectral bands. Several potential zones for listvenite occurrences were identified, typically in association with mafic metavolcanic rocks (Glasgow Volcanics) in the Bowers Mountains. Comparison of the remote sensing results with geological investigations in the study area demonstrate invaluable implications of the remote sensing approach for mapping poorly exposed lithological units, detecting possible zones of listvenite occurrences and discriminating subpixel abundance of alteration mineral assemblages in the damage zones of the Wilson-Bowers and Bowers-Robertson Bay terrane boundaries and in intra-Bowers and Wilson terranes fault zones with high fluid flow. The satellite remote sensing approach developed in this research is explicitly pertinent to detecting key alteration mineral indicators for prospecting hydrothermal/metasomatic ore minerals in remote and inaccessible zones situated in other orogenic systems around the world.

Mapping Listvenite Occurrences in the Damage Zones of Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica Using ASTER Satellite Remote Sensing Data

Many regions remain poorly studied in terms of geological mapping and mineral exploration in inaccessible regions especially in the Arctic and Antarctica due to harsh conditions and logistic diffic...

Evaluation of ICA and CEM algorithms with Landsat-8/ASTER data for geological mapping in inaccessible regions

Integration of remote sensing, gravity and geochemical data for exploration of Cu-mineralization in Alwar basin, Rajasthan, India

Hyperspectral remote sensing (HRS) enables a precise recording of the spectrum and a detailed analysis of the spectral properties of soil. There is a wealth of published research on HRS applications in soil research from the past 40 years, therefore, a review and illustration of the developments is critical for a better understanding of its opportunities and challenges for future development. This study reviewed the state-of-the-art regarding the applications of HRS for the extraction of soil properties including mineral identification, nutrient, organic carbon, moisture, salinity, and soil texture, then identify the opportunities and challenges and provide suggestions of a new direction for advancing its development. The results obtained provide new insights into the theory and methodology of HRS for studying soil attributes, but there is much work to be done, both experimentally and theoretically, before the physical and chemical processes predicting these soil parameters can full be understood. At the end of the chapter, new directions of studying soil properties using HRS are suggested, for example, new data mining technologies such as deep learning provide opportunities for efficient processing of large amounts of HRS data; the interactional mechanism of vegetation and soil should also be integrated into the construction of HRS monitoring models; the development from the empirical model to physical model will improve the universality and robustness of a given model; more attention should be paid to the application of multivariate models involving multiple parameters, rather than to single-factor models; by combining the temporal and dynamic characteristics of soil attributes with the process of vegetation growth, the accuracy of detecting and monitoring soil attributes will be greatly improved; and multidata fusion and multiscale data assimilation will become another research hotspot in HRS monitoring of soil properties.

Hyperspectral remote sensing applications in soil: a review

This work illustrates the efficiency of field spectroscopy for rapid identification of minerals in ore body, alteration zone and host rocks. The adopted procedure involves collection of field spectra, their processing for noise, spectral matching and spectral un-mixing with selected library end-members. Average weighted spectral similarity and effective peak matching techniques were used to draw end-members from library. Constrained linear mixture modelling technique was used to convolve end-member spectra. Linear mixture model was optimized based on root mean square error between field- and modelled-spectra. Estimated minerals and their abundances were subsequently compared with conventional procedures such as petrography, X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence for accuracy assessment. The mineralized zone is found to contain azurite, galena, chalcopyrite, bornite, molybdenite, marcacite, gahnite, hematite, goethite, anglesite and malachite. The alteration zone contains chlorite, kaolinite, actinolite and mica. These mineral assemblages correlate well with the petrographic measurements (R
 2 = 0.89). Subsequently, the bulk chemistry of field samples was compared with spectroscopically derived cumulative weighted mineral chemistry and found to correlate well (R
 2 = 0.91–0.98) at excellent statistical significance levels (90–99%). From this study, it is evident that field spectroscopy can be effectively used for rapid mineral identification and abundance estimation.

/pdf/a-field-technique-for-rapid-lithological-discrimination-and-496ubse21x.pdf

A field technique for rapid lithological discrimination and ore mineral identification: Results from Mamandur Polymetal Deposit, India

S U M M A R Y Thermal anomalies associated with ore-mineralization (Pb–Cu–Zn and Fe) were studied using thermal infrared data collected over Mamandur polymetal prospect, India, with the aid of satellite, field, and laboratory measurements. Day and night ASTER data were analysed in conjunction with field measurements to estimate thermal inertia of the ore body, altered zones and country rocks. Representative samples collected from field were also analysed for thermal conductivity, diffusivity, and inertia using a self-fabricated setup. Spatial changes in thermal inertia were mapped by look up table (LUT) and advanced thermal inertia mapping (ATIM) approaches. Mineralized zones show very high thermal contrast ( T) both in field (15–25◦C) and satellite data (14.9–16.9 oC). They also exhibit the lowest thermal inertia in field-(2118– 5474 J m−2 K−1 s−1/2) and satellite-based (3783–4037 J m−2 K−1 s−1/2) measurements. In non-mineralized areas, acidic rocks (granite, migmatite and granite gneiss) have lower inertia than basic rocks (basic granulite, dolerite and charnockite). Results estimated by LUT and ATIM approaches correlate very well at satellite (R2 = 0.97) and field (R2 = 0.89) scales. Similarly, fieldand satellite-based results also have good correlation (R2 = 0.69–0.72). This study illustrates the potential of thermal inertia mapping in delineating ore bodies and deciphering the lithological changes even under veneer of soil.

/pdf/thermal-inertia-mapping-and-its-application-in-mineral-4msgqzwsks.pdf

Thermal inertia mapping and its application in mineral exploration: results from Mamandur polymetal prospect, India

Understanding the thermal properties of granulites, a group of high-grade metamorphic rocks representing composition of lower crust of the Earth, is necessary to arrive at effective crustal heat flow modeling. However, the thermal conductivity and diffusivity of intact and weathered granulites and parameters that influence them are poorly known. The above properties for a few felsic, mafic, and intermediate granulites and associated soils from the Southern Granulite Terrain, India were investigated using a cost-effective, self-fabricated setup. The results generated by this technique were precise, reproducible, and comparable with other published procedures and values. Because the samples analyzed were of intact in situ specimens, the thermal conductivity and diffusivity could be directly used in practical applications. Among several parameters, it was observed that SiO2/MgO+Fe2O3 ratio, grain size, and bulk density were the principal factors to influence the conductivity and diffusivity of fresh ...

Measurement of thermal properties of select intact and weathered granulites and their relationship to rock properties

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A field technique for rapid lithological discrimination and ore mineral identification: Results from Mamandur Polymetal Deposit, India

Thermal inertia mapping and its application in mineral exploration: results from Mamandur polymetal prospect, India

Measurement of thermal properties of select intact and weathered granulites and their relationship to rock properties