About 120 baryons and baryon resonances are known, from the abundant nucleon with $u$ and $d$ light-quark constituents up to the recently discovered $\Omega_b^-=bss$, and the $\Xi_b^-=bsd$ which contains one quark of each generation In spite of this impressively large number of states, the underlying mechanisms leading to the excitation spectrum are not yet understood Heavy-quark baryons suffer from a lack of known spin-parities In the light-quark sector, quark-model calculations have met with considerable success in explaining the low-mass excitations spectrum but some important aspects like the mass degeneracy of positive-parity and negative-parity baryon excitations are not yet satisfactorily understood At high masses, above 18 GeV, quark models predict a very high density of resonances per mass interval which is not observed In this review, issues are identified discriminating between different views of the resonance spectrum; prospects are discussed how open questions in baryon spectroscopy may find answers from photo- and electro-production experiments which are presently carried out in various laboratories

Baryon spectroscopy

https://www.cns.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~shimoura/research/nuc_data/pdf/19.pdf

Energy levels of light nuclei A=11☆

Energy levels of light nuclei A = 12

We report the results of a theoretical study of quasielastic electron and neutrino interactions with carbon. Our approach takes into account the effects of final-state interactions between the struck nucleon and the residual nucleus, neglected in the impulse approximation, through a generalization of the spectral function formalism. The calculated electron-scattering cross sections turn out to be in very good agreement with the available data over a broad kinematical region. The impact of nuclear effects on the reconstruction of neutrino energy in charged-current quasielastic processes is also studied, and the results of our approach are compared to the predictions of the relativistic Fermi gas model, routinely employed in most Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, we discuss the limitations of the existing procedure for energy reconstruction and propose a new, improved, one. At energy ~600 MeV, we observe a sizable difference between neutrino and antineutrino scattering, important for the measurements of charge-parity symmetry violation. Our analysis suggests that a reliable determination of neutrino energy can only be obtained from models validated by a systematic comparison to the available electron-scattering data.

Improving the accuracy of neutrino energy reconstruction in charged-current quasielastic scattering off nuclear targets

In this paper, we present a review of recent works on weak decay of heavy mesons and baryons with two mesons, or a meson and a baryon, interacting strongly in the final state. The aim is to learn about the interaction of hadrons and how some particular resonances are produced in the reactions. It is shown that these reactions have peculiar features and act as filters for some quantum numbers which allow to identify easily some resonances and learn about their nature. The combination of basic elements of the weak interaction with the framework of the chiral unitary approach allow for an interpretation of results of many reactions and add a novel information to different aspects of the hadron interaction and the properties of dynamically generated resonances.

/pdf/weak-decays-of-heavy-hadrons-into-dynamically-generated-hq54ns7vwx.pdf

Weak decays of heavy hadrons into dynamically generated resonances

Differential cross sections for {gamma}p{yields}K{sup +}{lambda}(1405) and {gamma}p{yields}K{sup +}{sigma}{sup 0}(1385) reactions have been measured in the photon energy range from 1.5 to 2.4 GeV and the angular range of 0.8<cos({theta})<1.0 for the K{sup +} scattering angle in the center-of-mass system. This data is the first measurement of the {lambda}(1405) photoproduction cross section. The line shapes of {lambda}(1405) measured in {sigma}{sup +}{pi}{sup -} and {sigma}{sup -}{pi}{sup +} decay modes were different with each other, indicating a strong interference of the isospin 0 and 1 terms of the {sigma}{pi} scattering amplitudes. The ratios of {lambda}(1405) production to {sigma}{sup 0}(1385) production were measured in two photon energy ranges: near the production threshold (1.5<E{sub {gamma}}<2.0 GeV) and far from it (2.0<E{sub {gamma}}<2.4 GeV). The observed ratio decreased in the higher photon energy region, which may suggest different production mechanisms and internal structures for these hyperon resonances.

Photoproduction of Λ(1405) and Σ 0 (1385) on the proton at E γ =1.5-2.4 GeV

A complete set of Wolfenstein parameters (${D}_{{i}^{'}j}$), induced polarizations ($P$), and analyzing powers (${A}_{y}$) have been measured for ($p,2p$) reactions on $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$, $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, and $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$ targets in order to investigate possible nuclear medium effects on the nucleon-nucleon ($\mathit{NN}$) interaction. Most of these observables show significant reductions from the values for proton-proton scattering as monotonic functions of the nuclear density relevant to these reactions. The reductions of these ${D}_{{i}^{'}j}$ are reasonably reproduced by nonrelativistic plane-wave and distorted-wave calculations based on the impulse approximation, demonstrating that these suppressions are attributed to changes of the two body kinematics due to the finite separation energies of these reactions, while the reductions of ${A}_{y}$ and $P$ are much more prominent than the calculations. The relativistic calculations, which partly explain the ${A}_{y}$ and $P$ reductions, cannot reproduce the ${D}_{{i}^{'}j}$ data, but all the data are consistently reproduced when the parameters of the $\mathit{NN}$ interaction in a meson exchange model are renormalized, suggesting possible modifications of the $\mathit{NN}$ interaction by the surrounding nuclear medium.

Wolfenstein parameters for s1/2 proton knockout (p,2p) reactions

The polarization of break-up protons from vector polarized deuteron induced reaction

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Papers

Photoproduction of Λ(1405) and Σ 0 (1385) on the proton at E γ =1.5-2.4 GeV

Wolfenstein parameters for s1/2 proton knockout (p,2p) reactions

The polarization of break-up protons from vector polarized deuteron induced reaction