Barriers to green supply chain management in Indian mining industries: a graph theoretic approach

Proximate Composition, Mineral Content and Fatty Acids Analyses of Aromatic and Non-Aromatic Indian Rice

The current farming system is heavily reliant on chemical fertilizers, which negatively affect soil health, the environment, and crop productivity. Improving crop production on a sustainable basis is a challenging issue in the present agricultural system. To address this issue, we assumed that the combined use of organic manure and inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizers can improve rice grain yield and soil properties without the expense of the environment. This study explores the combined effects of cattle manure (CM), poultry manure (PM), and chemical fertilizer (CF) on soil properties, rice growth, physiology, and grain yield and quality. Six treatments in the following combinations were included: T1—no N fertilizer; T2—100% CF; T3—60% CM + 40% CF; T4—30% CM + 70% CF; T5—60% PM + 40% CF; and T6—30% PM + 70% CF. Results showed that across the seasons, treatment T6 increased the net photosynthesis rate, total biomass, grain yield, and amylose content by 23%, 90%, 95%, and 10%, respectively, compared with control. This increment in net photosynthetic rate and growth was the result of 24%, 14%, 19%, and 20% higher total root length, root surface area, root volume, and root diameter, respectively. Improvements in these attributes further enhanced the grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rice. No significant difference between T4 and T6 was observed. The correlation analysis also confirmed that root morphological traits were positively correlated with grain yield, N uptake, and biomass accumulation. Similarly, improvement in grain yield and NUE was also associated with improved soil properties, i.e., bulk density, soil porosity, soil organic carbon, and total N under combined organic and inorganic N fertilizers treatment. Conclusively, the integration of 30% N from PM or CM with 70% N from CF (urea) is a promising option not only for higher grain yield and quality of rice but also for improved soil health. This study provides a sustainable nutrient management strategy to improve crop yield with high nutrient use efficiency.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/9/10/651/pdf

Organic Manure Coupled with Inorganic Fertilizer: An Approach for the Sustainable Production of Rice by Improving Soil Properties and Nitrogen Use Efficiency

Background Knowledge of rice's nutritional value and health benefits is essential to increase rice consumption in people's daily diet. Rice is known as a queen of cereal crops that have a high nutritional value such as carbohydrate, fat, fiber, protein, vitamins as well as food energy, minerals profile and fatty acids. Scope and approach The present review paper mainly focuses on the chemistry of rice bioactive compounds, methods of extraction, identification, and characterization as well as biological activities and health benefits. Key findings and conclusions The nutritional components are found in various types of rice which grown and utilized by farmers and consumers respectively with more than 60% population worldwide. In addition to nutritional components, there are many phytochemicals present in rice have been identified as bioactive compounds which have their many high biological activities, in which antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic and antiinflammation activities are major one, as other cereals have and also exhibit their potential beneficial health effects in human as they all consume rice in their daily routine diet.

Bioactive compounds of rice (Oryza sativa L.): Review on paradigm and its potential benefit in human health

Salt stress is an acute threat to plants, especially to field crops in irrigated and saline areas of the world. Rice is the second staple crop of the world after wheat, and its production is strongly affected by salinity. Therefore, to ensure food security, it is crucial to manage salt stress for sustainable rice production under saline conditions. Plant physiological, biochemical, and genetic characteristics play an important role in the adaptation of rice to saline environments. Further, the knowledge of the relationship among these characteristics is necessary to manage the salt stress and achieve optimal rice production. This review focuses on the response of rice to salinity stress; its physiological, biochemical, and genetic changes; its adaptation to saline soils through osmoregulation, ion homeostasis, apoplastic acidification, synthesis of antioxidants, genes, and hormonal regulations; and synthesis of stress-responsive proteins. Future research is needed on management strategies such as breeding for salt-tolerant cultivars, application of molecular markers to select salt-tolerant germplasm, potential of genetic transformation for salinity resistance, application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and plant growth-regulating rhizobacteria, nutrient management, and seed priming techniques for sustainable rice production in saline areas. In conclusion, salt stress affects metabolism and physiology of rice and reduces the agronomic yield. Therefore, development of salt-tolerant genotypes may be a prudent strategy to manage the salinity. Focused research on integration of different management options can lead to sustainable rice production in saline areas which may contribute significantly to global food security.

Rice in Saline Soils: Physiology, Biochemistry, Genetics, and Management

Salinity is a major constraint to successful agriculture in the arid and semiarid tropics. High-yielding varieties do not perform well under salt stress conditions. Thus, there is a need to develop special varieties that can perform well under saline conditions. The area with potential saline soil is about 20 million ha, and about 7 million ha are severely affected by salinity. This constitutes a major part of problem soils in India. Irregular monsoon and irrigation in red soil cause salinity problems in large areas. The chlorophyll stability index (CSI) is an indication of the stress tolerance capacity of plants. A high CSI value means that the stress did not have much effect on chlorophyll content of plants. A higher CSI helps plants to withstand stress through better availability of chlorophyll. This leads to increased photosynthetic rate, more dry matter production, and higher productivity. This indicates how well chlorophyll can perform under stress.

Chlorophyll stability index (CSI): its impact on salt tolerance in rice.

A power plant manager has to minimize operation and maintenance (O&M) expenses while ensuring the reliability, safety, and security of supply in order to remain competitive in the global ma...

Systems modelling of a coal-based steam power plant

The experiment was conducted to study grain quality characteristics of Azad Basmati and to compare with other prominent Basmati rice varieties. The result of an experiment on various milling characteristics of Basmati rice varieties, among which Azad basmati exhibited high hulling (73.53%), milling (65.77%) and the highest head rice out-turn, having long-slender, translucent, creamy white kernels. Kernel dimensions of Azad Basmati were satisfactory in respect of breadth (1.60 mm) and Length/Breath (L/B) ratio (3.93) but kernel length (6.28 mm) fell marginally short than the desired minimum kernel length for Basmati rice (6.6 mm). On cooking Azad Basmati exhibited highest kernel elongation ratio (KER) and volume expansion ratio (VER) 2.20 and 4.00, respectively. Azad Basmati turned-out to be the best in respect of hulling rice recovery (HRR) (62.67%) as compared with all the check varieties (43 to 50%). Kernel breadth and L/B ratio of Azad Basmati were comparable to most check varieties, however, fell marginally short in respect of grain length than the desired minimum acceptable standard of 6.6mm. All the check varieties except Basmati-370 were comparable to Azad Basmati in respect of volume expansion ratio (VER). All check varieties in respect of VER, KEaC and KER were not found to be significantly better than Azad Basmati excepting Basmati-370 and Pusa Basmati-1 in respect of VER and KEaC, respectively. Azad Basmati variety was high (22.8%) in amylose content (AC) as compared to evolved basmati varieties Basmati-370, Pusa Basmati-1 and Basumathi but found lower than Type-3 and Improve Pusa Basmati-1 and, Azad Basmati was found intermediate except Basumathi.

Physico-chemical and cooking characteristics of Azad Basmati.

Nasal obstruction due to deviated nasal septum is a common problem encountered by otolaryngologists. A variety of surgical procedures have been tried in the treatment of the same. This study was conducted to evaluate the outcomes and complications of endoscopic and conventional septoplasty. This is a prospective, randomized study. Fifty patients with symptomatic deviated nasal septum were included in the study, 25 of them underwent conventional septoplasty and the rest underwent endoscopic septoplasty. The difference in the functional outcome of both the surgeries was insignificant. There was a significant difference with respect to complications. Endoscopic septoplasty had better outcome with respect to complications. It is easier to correct posterior deviations and isolated spurs with endoscopic septoplasty. Complications are lesser with endoscopic septoplasty.

A Comparative Study of Endoscopic Septoplasty Versus Conventional Septoplasty

Maintenance cost and downtime losses of a steam power plant can be reduced by adopting a proper mix of maintenance strategies that ensure its reliable availability. The type of maintenance for different equipment in a power plant is decided as per its importance in terms of attributes such as maintenance efforts, loss of production, safety/reliability and efficiency. In the worst situation, failure of hypothetical equipment would affect all these attributes and would thus have maximum criticality. In general, the failure of equipment would not affect all the attributes and therefore its criticality will have some intermediate value. The level of criticality would decide the importance of the power plant equipment and choice of appropriate maintenance strategy. The procedures reported in literature are empirical co-relations to combine major attributes into a single index and have the limitation of using a number of attributes simultaneously. Using Graph theory and the Matrix method, a systems-base...

Maintenance strategy for a coal-based steam power plant equipment: A graph theoretic approach

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