Tapping the energy storage potential in electric loads to deliver load following and regulation, with application to wind energy

Evaluating the Limits of Solar Photovoltaics (PV) in Traditional Electric Power Systems

Wind power is going through a very rapid development. It is among the fastest growing power sources in the world, the technology is being developed rapidly and wind power is supplying significant shares of the energy in large regions. The integration of wind power in the power system is now an issue in order to optimize the utilization of the resource and to continue the high rate of installation of wind generating capacity, which is necessary so as to achieve the goals of sustainability and security of supply. This paper presents the main technical challenges that are associated with the integration of wind power into power systems. These challenges include effects of wind power on the power system, the power system operating cost, power quality, power imbalances, power system dynamics, and impacts on transmission planning. The main conclusion is that wind power's impacts on system operating costs are small at low wind penetrations (about 5% or less). At higher wind penetrations, the impact will be higher, although current results suggest the impact remains moderate with penetrations approaching 20%. In addition, the paper presents the technology and expectations of wind forecasting as well as cases where wind power curtailment could arise. Future research directions for a better understanding of the factors influencing the increased integration of wind power into power systems are also provided.

/pdf/technical-challenges-associated-with-the-integration-of-wind-nkfusqdp5o.pdf

Technical challenges associated with the integration of wind power into power systems

Power systems have traditionally been designed to provide flexibility in a context where demand is met by bulk generation. The integration of variable and uncertain renewable generation sources, such as wind, increases the flexibility needed to maintain the load-generation balance. This paper aims to provide a systematic approach to evaluate the flexibility level and investigate the role of flexibility in generation planning and market operation. An “offline” index is proposed to estimate the technical ability of both the individual generators and the generation mix to provide the required flexibility. A dedicated unit construction and commitment (UCC) algorithm, able to consider plant investment and operation costs, is developed to determine the optimal investments in flexible generating units. Market simulation models are then implemented to determine the profits obtained from providing flexibility in different market designs. An adapted RTS-96 system is used to test the proposed models and the flexibility metric. Results demonstrate the validity of the UCC algorithm and the coherence of the proposed flexibility index. The analysis of the profits of flexibility shows that the market design plays an important role in the efficient deployment and subsequent profitability of flexibility resources.

/pdf/evaluating-and-planning-flexibility-in-sustainable-power-rc7v87xw7v.pdf

Evaluating and Planning Flexibility in Sustainable Power Systems

Power systems have traditionally been designed to provide flexibility in a context where demand is met by bulk generation. The integration of variable and uncertain renewable generation sources, such as wind, increases the flexibility needed to maintain the load-generation balance. This paper aims to provide a systematic approach to evaluate the flexibility level and investigate the role of flexibility in generation planning and market operation. An `offline' index is proposed to estimate the technical ability of both the individual generators and the generation mix to provide the required flexibility. A dedicated unit construction and commitment (UCC) algorithm, able to consider plant investment and operation costs, is developed to determine the optimal investments in flexible generating units. Market simulation models are then implemented to determine the profits obtained from providing flexibility in different market designs. An adapted RTS-96 system is used to test the proposed models and the flexibility metric. Results demonstrate the validity of the UCC algorithm and the coherence of the proposed flexibility index. The analysis of the profits of flexibility shows that the market design plays an important role in the efficient deployment and subsequent profitability of flexibility resources.

/pdf/evaluating-and-planning-flexibility-in-sustainable-power-3co0le6152.pdf

Evaluating and planning flexibility in sustainable power systems

Because of wind power's unique characteristics, many concerns are based on the increased variability that wind contributes to the grid, and most U.S. studies have focused on this aspect of wind generation. Grid operators are also concerned about the ability to predict wind generation over several time scales. In this report, we quantify the physical impacts and costs of wind generation on grid operations and the associated costs.

/pdf/grid-impacts-of-wind-power-variability-recent-assessments-3xnwb0em1x.pdf

Grid Impacts of Wind Power Variability: Recent Assessments from a Variety of Utilities in the United States; Preprint

Electric utility system planners and operators are concerned that variations in wind plant output may increase the operating costs of the system. This concern arises because the system must maintain an instantaneous balance between the aggregate demand for electric power and the total power generated by all power plants feeding the system. This is a highly sophisticated task that utility operators and automatic controls perform routinely, based on well-known operating characteristics for conventional power plants and a great deal of experience accumulated over many years. System operators are concerned that variations in wind plant output will force the conventional power plants to provide compensating variations to maintain system balance, thus causing the conventional power plants to deviate from operating points chosen to minimize the total cost of operating the system. The operators' concerns are compounded by the fact that conventional power plants are generally under their control and thus are dispatchable, whereas wind plants are controlled instead by nature. Although these are valid concerns, the key issue is not whether a system with a significant amount of wind capacity can be operated reliably, but rather to what extent the system operating costs are increased by the variability of the wind.

https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/35946.pdf

Wind Power Impacts on Electric Power System Operating Costs: Summary and Perspective on Work to Date; Preprint

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Grid Impacts of Wind Power Variability: Recent Assessments from a Variety of Utilities in the United States; Preprint

Wind Power Impacts on Electric Power System Operating Costs: Summary and Perspective on Work to Date; Preprint