Advanced materials are essential to the quality of modern day life, but the synthesis of these compounds is often inefficient in terms of energy, time and resources; especially when considering the hydrothermal batch methods used to prepare many such compounds – often requiring week-long reaction times with variable yields and product quality. In contrast, Continuous flow synthesis (CFS) provides a more readily scalable means for the efficient, effective and reproducible synthesis of inorganic compounds. This publication demonstrates the novel CFS of several metal ammonium phosphates and compare the effect of synthesis route on particle size, size distribution, and crystallinity.

Genesis of Pure Se(0) Nano- and Micro- structures in Wastewater

From plant phenols to novel bio-based polymers

Due to their outstanding and versatile properties, polybenzoxazines have quickly occupied a great niche of applications. Developing the ability to polymerize benzoxazine resin at lower temperatures than the current capability is essential in taking advantage of these exceptional properties and remains to be most challenging subject in the field. The current review is classified into several parts to achieve this goal. In this review, fundamentals on the synthesis and evolution of structure, which led to classification of PBz in different generations, are discussed. Classifications of PBzs are defined depending on building block as well as how structure is evolved and property obtained. Progress on the utility of biobased feedstocks from various bio-/waste-mass is also discussed and compared, wherever possible. The second part of review discusses the probable polymerization mechanism proposed for the ring-opening reactions. This is complementary to the third section, where the effect of catalysts/initiators has on triggering polymerization at low temperature is discussed extensively. The role of additional functionalities in influencing the temperature of polymerization is also discussed. There has been a shift in paradigm beyond the lowering of ring-opening polymerization (ROP) temperature and other areas of interest, such as adaptation of molecular functionality with simultaneous improvement of properties.

Review on the Accelerated and Low-Temperature Polymerization of Benzoxazine Resins: Addition Polymerizable Sustainable Polymers.

Recent development on bio-based thermosetting resins

In recent decades, the continuous depletion of fossil fuels and the increasingly serious environmental issue have aroused wide attention on the development of biopolymers based on renewable biomass. Lignin is the second most abundant organic bio‐based macromolecule second to cellulose, and it can be widely found in plants. Furthermore, various phenol derivatives can be obtained by their depolymerization processes. The development of bio‐renewable polymeric materials originating from lignin‐derivative phenol monomers, such as vanillin, syringaldehyde, eugenol, vanillyl alcohol, vanillic acid, and ferulic acid, will not only valorize the bio‐sourced materials but also effectively reduce petroleum resource consumption and mitigate the environmental pollution. Therefore, an updated overview of the synthesis processes of these bio‐based polymers developed in the past decade, which includes both thermosets and thermoplastics such as epoxy, phenolic, polyimine, polybenzoxazine, polyurethane, and polyesters, are elucidated. In addition, the applications of these bio‐based polymers and their composites in flame‐retarded materials, degradable and reprocessable materials, dielectric materials, optoelectronic materials, as well as smart responsive materials are also intensively discussed. In line with the gradual development of synthesis technologies, we believe that derivatives of lignin will turn into one of the most promising materials to be considered for the preparation of high‐performance and functional bio‐based polymer materials.

Bio‐renewable polymers based on lignin‐derived phenol monomers: Synthesis, applications, and perspectives

Bio-based polybenzoxazine composites for oil-water separation, sound absorption and corrosion resistance applications

Eugenol (E) based mono-functional benzoxazine(E-x) monomers were prepared using different long-chain monoamines(x = ba, ha, dda, oda) and fluorine substituted aromatic monoamine (x = fa). The molecular structure of the monomers developed was characterized by FTIR and NMR spectral analysis. Further, the prepared monomers were coated over the cotton fabric and studied for their surface behavior. The poly(E-dda) coated cotton fabric exhibits the higher value of water contact angle (WCA = 151°) than that of other samples coated with polybenzoxazines(E-ba, E-ha,E-oda, and E-fa). Furthermore, poly(E-dda) coated cotton fabrics also displayed the lower value of surface energy of 15.6 mN/m with a lower sliding angle value(11°) than those of other coated cotton fabric samples. The formation of rough surfaces on the fabric was ascertained from microstructure analysis and thereby contributes to superhydrophobicity along with pH robustness. Subsequently, the oil-water separation efficiency and flux of the poly(E-dda) coated cotton fabric was found to be 98% and 5800 L/m2h respectively. It was also observed that the specimen of a glass substrate coated with poly(E-dda) exhibited the delayed ice formation. Data obtained from different studies, it is suggested that the eugenol-dodecylamine(E-dda) based benzoxazine can be effectively employed as an alternate to fluorine-based polymers.

Fluorine Free Bio-Based Polybenzoxazine Coated Substrates for Oil-Water Separation and Anti-Icing Applications

In the present work, curing reaction of benzoxazine was studied with the incorporation of different weight percentage of polypyrrole (PPy). Conventional benzoxazine derived from Bisphenol-F, aniline (BF-a) and bio-based benzoxazine derived from cardanol, furfurylamine (C-f) were synthesized and studied. Significant change in curing temperature (Tp) was observed with the addition of PPy to both C-f and BF-a monomers. With the incorporation of 5 wt% PPy, the Tp of C-f significantly reduced from 245 °C to 185 °C and similarly for BF-a monomer from 226 °C to 165 °C. The plausible mechanism of the benzoxazine ring opening reaction in presence of PPy is also discussed. Further, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction studies suggest that the incorporation of PPy leads to the formation of fractal morphology. Consequently, the PPy inter-layered poly(C-f) and poly(BF-a) matrices contribute to the achievement of low value of dielectric constant (K = 3.39 and 3.83). In addition, PPy interlayer provokes enhanced thermal stability and higher LOI value. Thus, the present work demonstrates the catalytic role of PPy towards the curing reaction of benzoxazines and its contribution towards thermal and dielectric behaviour the of resulted matrices.

Polypyrrole inter-layered low temperature curing benzoxazine matrices with enhanced thermal and dielectric properties

The present work describes the design of nontoxic pyrazolidine bisphenol (PYBP)-based hydrophobic benzoxazine (PBz) matrices, in comparison with that of bisphenol-F-based benzoxazines, and investigates their efficiency toward corrosion protection on mild steel surfaces. The preliminary in vitro toxicity assay studies infer the nontoxic nature of PYBP. Data obtained from thermal and surface studies indicate that the PYBP-based PBzs possess higher thermal stability than those of bisphenol-F benzoxazines. Observations from SEM images suggest that the inherent hydrophobic nature was due to the formation of rough surfaces. The corrosion studies of the specimens were carried out using open-circuit potential, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and potentiodynamic polarization. Among the mild steel specimens, coated with different benzoxazines, the poly(PYBP-oda)-coated specimen was found to be less aggressive toward corrosion showing 90% efficiency and charge transfer resistance (Rct) of 381 kΩ cm2. Thus, data obtained from different studies suggest that the PYBP-based benzoxazines can be used as a better coating material for steel and steel products against corrosion.

Exploration of high corrosion resistance property of less hazardous pyrazolidine-based benzoxazines in comparison with bisphenol-F derivatives

Studies on heterocyclic amines based cardanol‐benzoxazine for oil‐water separation

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