Background: Large argon-based neutrino detectors, such as those planned for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment, have the potential to provide unique sensitivity to low-energy (few to tens of MeV) electron neutrinos produced by core-collapse supernovae. Despite their importance for neutrino energy reconstruction, nuclear de-excitations following charged-current ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$ absorption on $^{40}\mathrm{Ar}$ have never been studied in detail at supernova energies.Purpose: I develop a model of nuclear de-excitations that occur following the $^{40}\mathrm{Ar}({\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e},{e}^{\ensuremath{-}})^{40}\mathrm{K}^{*}$ reaction. This model is applied to the calculation of exclusive cross sections.Methods: A simple expression for the inclusive differential cross section is derived under the allowed approximation. Nuclear de-excitations are described using a combination of measured $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray decay schemes and the Hauser-Feshbach statistical model. All calculations are carried out using a novel Monte Carlo event generator called MARLEY (Model of Argon Reaction Low Energy Yields).Results: Various total and differential cross sections are presented. Two de-excitation modes, one involving only $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays and the other including single neutron emission, are found to be dominant at few tens-of-MeV energies.Conclusions: Nuclear de-excitations have a strong impact on the achievable energy resolution for supernova ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$ detection in liquid argon. Tagging events involving neutron emission, though difficult, could substantially improve energy reconstruction. Given a suitable calculation of the inclusive cross section, the MARLEY nuclear de-excitation model may readily be applied to other scattering processes.

Nuclear de-excitations in low-energy charged-current ν e scattering on Ar 40

Searches for neutrinoless double-beta decay continue to expand our understanding of the lepton sector, with experiments now pursuing ton-scale target masses with sensitivity to ${m}_{\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta}}$ covering the allowed parameter space for the inverted neutrino mass ordering. Continued searches for this rare decay will require scalable detector technologies to achieve significant increases in the target mass beyond the ton scale, in order to probe the normal ordering region. This work explores the concept of searching for neutrinoless double-beta decay in a 10 kton-scale liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) located deep underground and doped with percent-level quantities of xenon. We discuss the design requirements, background mitigation, and detector R needs and considerations for deployment in a modified DUNE far detector module. We find that such a detector could reach ${m}_{\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta}}$ sensitivity at the 2--4 meV range with xenon doping at 2% if significant background reductions can be achieved. 

Xenon-doped liquid argon TPCs as a neutrinoless double beta decay platform

The detection of neutrinos from core-collapse supernovae may reveal important process features as well as neutrino properties. The detection of supernova neutrinos is one of the main science drivers for future kiloton-scale neutrino detectors based on liquid argon. Here we show that for such detectors the intrinsically 3D readout in Q-Pix offers numerous advantages relative to a wire-based readout, such as higher reconstruction efficiency, lower energy threshold, considerably lower data rates, and potential pointing information. 

Enhanced low-energy supernova burst detection in large liquid argon time projection chambers enabled by Q-Pix

We propose the operation of LEvEL, the Low-Energy Neutrino Experiment at the LHC, a neutrino detector near the Large Hadron Collider Beam Dump. Such a detector is capable of exploring an intense, low-energy neutrino flux and can measure neutrino cross sections that have previously never been observed. These cross sections can inform other future neutrino experiments, such as those aiming to observe neutrinos from supernovae, allowing such measurements to accomplish their fundamental physics goals. We perform detailed simulations to determine neutrino production at the LHC beam dump, as well as neutron and muon backgrounds. Measurements at a few to ten percent precision of neutrino-argon charged current and neutrino-nucleus coherent scattering cross sections are attainable with 100 ton-year and 1 ton-year exposures at LEvEL, respectively, concurrent with the operation of the High Luminosity LHC. We also estimate signal and backgrounds for an experiment exploiting the forward direction of the LHC beam dump, which could measure neutrinos above 100 GeV.

/pdf/level-low-energy-neutrino-experiment-at-the-lhc-3z4y2t1kbl.pdf

LEvEL: Low-Energy Neutrino Experiment at the LHC

A primary goal of the upcoming Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is to measure the O(10) MeV neutrinos produced by a Galactic core-collapse supernova if one should occur during the lifetime of the experiment. The liquid-argon-based detectors planned for DUNE are expected to be uniquely sensitive to the νe component of the supernova flux, enabling a wide variety of physics and astrophysics measurements. A key requirement for a correct interpretation of these measurements is a good understanding of the energy-dependent total cross section σ(Eν) for charged-current νe absorption on argon. In the context of a simulated extraction of supernova νe spectral parameters from a toy analysis, we investigate the impact of σ(Eν) modeling uncertainties on DUNE’s supernova neutrino physics sensitivity for the first time. We find that the currently large theoretical uncertainties on σ(Eν) must be substantially reduced before the νe flux parameters can be extracted reliably; in the absence of external constraints, a measurement of the integrated neutrino luminosity with less than 10% bias with DUNE requires σ(Eν) to be known to about 5%. The neutrino spectral shape parameters can be known to better than 10% for a 20% uncertainty on the cross-section scale, although they will be sensitive to uncertainties on the shape of σ(Eν). A direct measurement of low-energy νe-argon scattering would be invaluable for improving the theoretical precision to the needed level.14 MoreReceived 3 April 2023Accepted 12 May 2023DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.107.112012Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3.Published by the American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasNeutrino interactionsNovae & supernovaeParticles & FieldsNuclear PhysicsGravitation, Cosmology & Astrophysics 

/pdf/impact-of-cross-section-uncertainties-on-supernova-neutrino-1h8uh1qk.pdf

Impact of cross-section uncertainties on supernova neutrino spectral parameter fitting in the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment

Using truth-level Monte Carlo simulations of particle interactions in a large volume of liquid argon, we demonstrate physics capabilities enabled by reconstruction of topologically compact and isolated low-energy features, or ``blips,'' in large liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) events. These features are mostly produced by electron products of photon interactions depositing ionization energy. The blip identification capability of the LArTPC is enabled by its unique combination of size, position resolution precision, and low energy thresholds. We show that consideration of reconstructed blips in LArTPC physics analyses can result in substantial improvements in calorimetry for neutrino and new physics interactions and for final-state particles ranging in energy from the MeV to the GeV scale. Blip activity analysis is also shown to enable discrimination between interaction channels and final-state particle types. In addition to demonstrating these gains in calorimetry and discrimination, some limitations of blip reconstruction capabilities and physics outcomes are also discussed.

Benefits of MeV-Scale Reconstruction Capabilities in Large Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers

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Benefits of MeV-Scale Reconstruction Capabilities in Large Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers