Low molecular weight ‘liquid’ polymer extended compounds, impact on free volume and crosslink density studied by positron lifetime spectroscopy and stress-strain analysis according to Mooney-Rivlin

https://kb.psu.ac.th/psukb/bitstream/2010/9179/1/Cover.pdf

Slica-Reinforced Natural Rubber for Low Rolling Resistance, Energy-Saving Tires

This study explores the utilization of liquid butadiene rubber (LqBR) as a processing aid in tire tread compounds, as a replacement for treated distillate aromatic extract (TDAE) oil, which is known to contribute to the extraction of organic materials during tire aging. Additionally, the influence of the silane-terminated functional group in LqBR and the procedure of LqBR addition are investigated. The results demonstrate a significant reduction in organic extraction when employing silane-terminated LqBR as a processing aid. Moreover, the performance of tire tread compounds is comparable or even superior to those incorporating TDAE oil, particularly when 80 % silane-terminated LqBR is added after the mixing of silica and coupling agent. The enhanced performance is attributed to homogeneous silica dispersion and robust filler-rubber interaction. These findings offer valuable insights into the optimization procedure for developing tire tread compounds utilizing functionalized LqBR as a processing aid, with the aim of improving tire tread applications. 

Effect of functionality and loading procedure of liquid butadiene rubber on properties of silica-filled tire tread compounds

Fly ash (FA) fractions with a particle size of 63 µm < FA < 250 µm obtained by sieve fractionation were used as a partial carbon black (CB) replacement in a rubber mixture based on styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). In order to improve the interactions at the interface between rubber and fractionated ash, at the stage of preparing the rubber mixtures, two different vinyl silanes were added to the system: Vinyltrimethoxysilane (U-611) or Vinyl-tris (2-methoxy-ethoxy) silane (LUVOMAXX VTMOEO DL50), silane with epoxy groups: 3-(glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (U-50) or sulfur functionalized silanes: containing sulfide bridges: Bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)polysulfide silane (Si-266) or mercapto groups: Mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (Dynaslan MTMO). The conducted research confirmed the effectiveness of silanization with selected functional silanes, from the point of view of improving the processing and operational properties of vulcanizates, in which CB is partially replaced with the finest fractions of fly ash. The silanization generally increased the interaction at the rubber–ash interface, while improving the degree of filler dispersion in the rubber mixture. The results of TGA and FTIR analyses confirmed the presence of silanes chemically bonded to the surface of fly ash particles. SEM tests and determination of the bound rubber (BdR) content show that the introduction of the silanes to the mixture increases the degree of ash dispersion (DI) and the Payne effect, which is the greatest when mercaptosilane was used for modification. The highest increase in torque, which was recorded in the case of rubber mixtures containing sulfur silanes and silane with epoxy groups, may be due to their participation in the vulcanization process, which is confirmed by the results of vulcametric studies. The lowest values of mechanical strength, elongation at break, and the highest hardness of vulcanizates obtained in this case may be the result of the over-crosslinking of the rubber. The addition of sulfur-containing silanes significantly slowed down the vulcanization process, which is particularly visible (up to three times extension of the t90 parameter, compared to mixtures without silane) in the case of Si-266. The addition of silanes, except for Si-266 (with a polysulfide fragment), generally improved the abrasion resistance of vulcanizates. The Dynaslan MTMO silane (with mercapto groups) performs best in this respect. Proper selection of silane for the finest fraction of fly ash in the rubber mixtures tested allows for an increase in the mechanical strength of their vulcanizates from 9.1 to 17 MPa, elongation at break from 290 to 500%, hardness from 68 to 74 °ShA, and reduction in abrasion from 171 to 147 mm3.

/pdf/fly-ash-from-lignite-combustion-as-a-filler-for-rubber-mixes-n5lnylaj.pdf

Fly Ash from Lignite Combustion as a Filler for Rubber Mixes—Part II: Chemical Valorisation of Fly Ash

Improving adhesion between acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber and glass fiber cord by covalent bonding and secondary polar interactions

Silane-modified low molecular weight ‘liquid’ polymers in sulfur cured mixtures of styrene-butadiene copolymers and silica

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Silane-modified low molecular weight ‘liquid’ polymers in sulfur cured mixtures of styrene-butadiene copolymers and silica