Ultrasound assisted extraction of food and natural products. Mechanisms, techniques, combinations, protocols and applications. A review.

Sonochemistry is the use of ultrasound to enhance or alter chemical reactions. Sonochemistry in the true sense of the term occurs when ultrasound induces “true” chemical effects on the reaction system, such as forming free radicals which accelerate the reaction. However, ultrasound may have other mechanical effects on the reaction, such as increasing the surface area between the reactants, accelerating dissolution, and/or renewing the surface of a solid reactant or catalyst. This comprehensive review summarizes several topics of study in the sonochemical literature, including bubble dynamics, factors affecting cavitation, the effects of ultrasound on a variety of chemical systems, modeling of kinetic and mass-transfer effects, the methods used to produce ultrasound, proposed cavitation reactors, and the problems of scaleup. The objective of this paper is to present a critical review of information available in the literature so as to facilitate and inspire future research in the field of sonochemistry.

Sonochemistry: Science and Engineering

High intensity ultrasound-assisted extraction of oil from soybeans

Cavitational reactors are a novel and promising form of multiphase reactors, based on the principle of release of large magnitude of energy due to the violent collapse of the cavities. An overview of this novel technology, in the specific area of process intensification of chemical processing applications, in terms of the basic mechanism and different areas of application has been presented initially. Recommendations for optimum operating parameters based on the theoretical analysis of cavitation phenomena as well as comparison with experimentally observed trends reported in the literature have been presented. A design of a pilot scale sonochemical reactor has been presented, which forms the basis for development of industrial scale reactors. Some experimental case studies using industrially important reactions have been presented, highlighting the degree of intensification achieved as compared to the conventional approaches. Guidelines for required further work for ensuring successful application of cavitational reactors at industrial scale operation have been presented. Overall it appears that considerable economic savings is possible by means of harnessing the spectacular effects of cavitation in chemical processing applications.

Cavitational reactors for process intensification of chemical processing applications: A critical review

Reactor technologies for biodiesel production and processing: a review.

Quantification of cavitation intensity in fluid bulk

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Quantification of cavitation intensity in fluid bulk