Current viticultural techniques to mitigate the effects of global warming on grape and wine quality: A comprehensive review

Introduction Drought stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses that negatively influence crop performance and productivity. Plants acclimatize to drought stress conditions through altered molecular, biochemical and physiological responses. Gene and/or protein expression and regulation are thought to be modulated upon stress perception and signal transduction for providing requisite endurance to plants.Plant growth regulators or phytohormones are important molecules required for various biological processes in plants and are also central to stress signalling pathways. Among various phytohormones, Abscisic Acid (ABA) and Ethylene (ET) are considered to be the most vital growth regulators implicated in drought stress signalling and tolerance. Besides the above two known classical phytohormones, Salicylic Acid (SA) and Jasmonic Acid (JA) have also been found to potentially enhance abiotic stress tolerance particularly that of drought, salinity, and heat stress tolerance in plants. Apart from these several other growth regulators such as Cytokinins (CKs), Auxin (AUX), Gibberellic Acid (GA), Brassinosteroids (BRs) and Strigolactones (SLs) have also been reported to actively participate in abiotic stress responses and tolerance in plants. The abiotic stress signalling in plants regulated by these hormones further depends upon the nature, intensity, and duration of exposure to various environmental stresses. It has been reported that all these phytohormones are also involved in extensive crosstalk and signal transduction among themselves and/or with other factors. Conclusion This review thus summarizes the molecular mechanism of drought signalling and its crosstalk with various phytohormone signalling pathways implicated in abiotic stress response and tolerance.

A Functional Genomic Perspective on Drought Signalling and its Crosstalk with Phytohormone-mediated Signalling Pathways in Plants.

Heat and water stresses, individually or combined, affect both the plant (development, physiology, and production) and the pathogens (growth, morphology, dissemination, distribution, and virulence). The grapevine response to combined abiotic and biotic stresses is complex and cannot be inferred from the response to each single stress. Several factors might impact the response and the recovery of the grapevine, such as the intensity, duration, and timing of the stresses. In the heat/water stress—GTDs—grapevine interaction, the nature of the pathogens, and the host, i.e., the nature of the rootstock, the cultivar and the clone, has a great importance. This review highlights the lack of studies investigating the response to combined stresses, in particular molecular studies, and the misreading of the relationship between rootstock and scion in the relationship GTDs/abiotic stresses. Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are one of the biggest threats to vineyard sustainability in the next 30 years. Although many treatments and practices are used to manage GTDs, there has been an increase in the prevalence of these diseases due to several factors such as vineyard intensification, aging vineyards, or nursery practices. The ban of efficient treatments, i.e., sodium arsenite, carbendazim, and benomyl, in the early 2000s may be partly responsible for the fast spread of these diseases. However, GTD-associated fungi can act as endophytes for several years on, or inside the vine until the appearance of the first symptoms. This prompted several researchers to hypothesise that abiotic conditions, especially thermal and water stresses, were involved in the initiation of GTD symptoms. Unfortunately, the frequency of these abiotic conditions occurring is likely to increase according to the recent consensus scenario of climate change, especially in wine-growing areas. In this article, following a review on the impact of combined thermal and water stresses on grapevine physiology, we will examine (1) how this combination of stresses might influence the lifestyle of GTD pathogens, (2) learnings from grapevine field experiments and modelling aiming at studying biotic and abiotic stresses, and (3) what mechanistic concepts can be used to explain how these stresses might affect the grapevine plant status.

Grapevine trunk diseases under thermal and water stresses.

Towards a sustainable viticulture: The combination of deficit irrigation strategies and agroecological practices in Mediterranean vineyards. A review and update

Salinization of land is likely to increase due to climate change with impact on agricultural production. Since most species used as crops are sensitive to salinity, improvement of salt tolerance is needed to maintain global food production. This review summarises successes and failures of transgenic approaches in improving salt tolerance in crop species. A conceptual model of coordinated physiological mechanisms in roots and shoots required for salt tolerance is presented. Transgenic plants overexpressing genes of key proteins contributing to Na+ 'exclusion' (PM-ATPases with SOS1 antiporter, and HKT1 transporter) and Na+ compartmentation in vacuoles (V-H+ ATPase and V-H+ PPase with NHX antiporter), as well as two proteins potentially involved in alleviating water deficit during salt stress (aquaporins and dehydrins), were evaluated. Of the 51 transformations, with gene(s) involved in Na+ 'exclusion' or Na+ vacuolar compartmentation that contained quantitative data on growth and include a non-saline control, 48 showed improvements in salt tolerance (less impact on plant mass) of transgenic plants, but with only two tested in field conditions. Of these 51 transformations, 26 involved crop species. Tissue ion concentrations were altered, but not always in the same way. Although glasshouse data are promising, field studies are required to assess crop salinity tolerance.

Improving crop salt tolerance using transgenic approaches: An update and physiological analysis

Canopy and soil thermal patterns to support water and heat stress management in vineyards

Carry-over effects on bud fertility makes early defoliation a risky crop-regulating practice in Mediterranean vineyards

Overexpressing Vitis vinifera YSK2 dehydrin in tobacco improves plant performance

Drought is one of the major constraints limiting crop production worldwide including grapevine. Investigations of drought tolerance genotypes by genetic engineering are an important goal in Vitis breeding program. Three dehydration-responsive RD22 genes (VviRD22) were identified in Vitis vinifera L. Here, we aim to evaluate the constitutive expression of VviRD22a effect on tobacco performance under low water availability conditions, namely under drought and under osmotic stress. In vitro, and under osmotic stress, transgenic seeds of tobacco showed an enhanced tolerance at the germination and seedling stages compared to the wild-type (WT). When drought was applied ex vitro by stopping irrigation during 9 days, transgenic lines exhibited an earlier decrease of stomatal conductance that was, interestingly, followed by an internal adjustment leading to a moderate decline of the photosynthetic rate. Additionally, differences between WT and transgenics under both control and stressed conditions were revealed at ultrastructural level through shape alteration within the transgenics. Additionally, the performances of the VviRD22a lines under drought were notably maintained in terms of biomass production (vegetative dry material) and water status (Relative water content and water retention ability). A significant distinctiveness between VviRD22a-expressing lines and WT under stress conditions but not under control conditions (principal component analyses) was found. Protection effect of VviRD22a constitutive expression towards drought involved root biomass, water status and stomatal adjustment traits. Overall, our data suggest that VviRD22a transgenic expression plays a positive role in drought tolerance improvement supporting it as an important candidate gene for molecular breeding of drought tolerant grapevines.

Grapevine RD22a constitutive expression in tobacco enhances stomatal adjustment and confers drought tolerance

Varietal behavior under water and heat stress

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