Data collected on purebred Friesian Heifers imported from Netherlands were used in this research to estimate genetic and non-genetic parameters. The average age at first calving (AFC), gestation period (GP), number services per conception (S/C), calving interval (CI), total milk yield (TMY), daily milk yield (DMY) and lactation length (LL) ranges were 24.9±2.34 - 26.50±2.84 months, 274.21±55.57 - 273.3±4.03 days, 3.92±2.77 -2.3±1.7, 468.90±116.32 - 445.4±92.81 days, 5533.14±1546.03 - 3748.2±1095.2 kg, 15.10±3.58 - 11.00±2.42 kg, and 376.74±15.89 - 349.0±86 days respectively. Results showed that parity number had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on (S/C). Also age at first calving had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on milk yield per lactation and daily milk yield (p < 0.01). Year of calving presented a significant (p < 0.05) effect on DMY,S/C and (CI) (p < 0.001). Whereas place of birth had a highly significant effect (p < 0.001) on TMY and significant (p < 0.01) effect on AFC. Repeatability estimates for GP, S/C, CI, TMY, DMY and LL were found to be 0.170±0.045, 0.090±0.044, 0.361±0.047, 0.420±0.061 and 0.094±0.044, respectively. While heritability estimates by paternal half-sib method ranged from 0.003±0.078 for LL and 0.190±0.140 for AFC. Whereas, estimates calculated by daughter-dam regression were found to be 0.710±0.456, 0.320±0.168, 0.106±0.120, 0.100±0.150, 0.174±0.136 and 0,055±0.224 for AFC, GP, S/C, TMY, DMY and LL, respectively. Regarding phenotypic correlations among parameters, age at first calving was negatively correlated with other traits except for S/C and DMY. Whereas S/C exhibited positive phenotypic correlation with all the traits studied. Total milk yield was found to have positive correlation with DMY and LL. Concerning genetic correlations among traits were either inestimable or overestimated.

/pdf/estimation-of-genetic-and-non-genetic-parameters-of-friesian-15jgzxqdeh.pdf

Estimation of Genetic and Non-Genetic Parameters of Friesian Cattle under Hot Climate

Milk yield and adaptability of Holstein are factors of major concern under tropical and subtropical conditions. Under these conditions the focus had always been on milk production and the adaptability and survival are often overlooked. Genotype by environment interactions pose a potential challenge for HolsteinFriesian cattle raised in tropical and subtropical environments by hampering the production and adaptability and predispose the cattle forinvoluntary culling.The present review was aimed at comparing milk yield, influence of various non-genetic factors and adaptability of Holstein dairy cattle under different environmental conditions with special focus on tropical and sub-tropical conditions. The milk production in tropical and subtropical conditions was 40% to 60% lower than the temperate conditions. This wide discrepancy in the milk production in different environmental conditionswasmainly the outcome of influence of non-genetic factors and most importantly the management of the farm under which the animals were kept. The management role was obvious in tropical and subtropical conditions, the more the country was technologically advance the better was the management and the higher was the production.Noticeably, in tropics and sub-tropics milk yield was significantly higher in cooler part of the year than the hotone. Environmental and physiological adaptability of Holstein needs considerable attentionin tropics and sub-tropics. In near future global warming is assumedto be even more disastrous to the dairy animals in tropics; therefore, selection for genetic merit of both production and adaptability should be of concern. Breeding systems, which include proxy indicators for adaptability and genetic markers in the evaluation program to assist the selection for higher accuracy and efficiency, are proposed to improve both milk yield and adaptability of dairy cattle under tropical and sub-tropical conditions.The future challenge is to maintain high producing dairy cattle performance in hot and humid climatic conditions. To avoid this alarm,considering integrated approach by improving cooling capability, efficient ration formulation and improved genetic potential for heat resistance through genetic manipulation are supposed to be promising approachestoimprove the production and survivability of lactating Holstein under these conditions.

Influence of various environmental factors on dairy production and adaptability of Holstein cattle maintained under tropical and subtropical conditions.

The present study was performed to estimate the productive and reproductive performance of Holstein-Friesian cattle. The data on calving (n=600) obtained from cattle (n=100) for lactations (1-6) during last ten years (1997-2006) were analyzed. The herd kept under intensive management at Government Dairy Farm Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. Overall means of the Milk Yield (MY) for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th lactations were 3848.00±15.77, 4303.70±32.79, 4431.40±41.65, 4186.30±49.59, 3767.61±35.38 and 3329.53±28.01 liters, respectively with an overall average of 3977.75±37.20 liters. Birth weight of female and male were observed as 35.65±0.51 and 39.74±0.46 kg, respectively. The results revealed that lactation length (LL), age at maturity (AM), age at first conception (AFCc), age at first calving, (AFC), services per conception (SPC), service period (SP) as days, calving interval (CI) as), and Dry period (DP) 314.19±0.91, 625.40±14.65, as 655.10±10.44, as 894.74±13.11, 2.80 ± 0.10, 129.95±2.14, 408.09±2.10, (87.06±1.63 days). The results of all traits showed variation, however, MY, BW, SP, CI and DP parameters were only significantly dissimilar (P<0.05). Season of calving possessed varying affect on MY, LL, BW and SP on the performance of the Holstein-Friesian cattle herd. It is concluded that productive and reproductive performance of Holstein-Friesian cattle in the present study were low to modest so it is required to improve managemental practices at the farm for better productive and reproductive performance.

Performance analysis of Holstein-Friesian cattle in intensive management at Dairy Farm Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan

Precision Farming merges the new technologies borne of the information age with a mature agricultural industry. It is an integrated crop management system that attempts to match the kind & amount of inputs with the actual crop needs for small areas within a farm fields. This study is basically based on the secondary data and it is a review paper. As it is a review paper so, there was less opportunity to follow any specific method in preparing this paper. Valuable information has been collected through internet browsing, journals etc. In this paper, we examine that, GPS, GIS, VRT, profitability, yield mapping etc. are most common precision agriculture techniques where, GIS can help in site-specific applications of fertilizers and soil amendments and help effectively detect and map black fly infestations, making it possible to achieve precision in pest control. Remote sensing combined with GIS and GPS can help in sitespecific weed management. From the review we observed that, the global adoption of yield monitors has been predominated in North-America and Europe. The precision technologies have been used on a wider variety of crops in Denmark and UK than in the US. In Bangladesh, precision agriculture has great prospect as our country is highly natural calamity sensitive and through it we can easily take measure to prevent our agricultural products from damage caused by natural calamities. Though, precision agriculture is very costly but the benefit from it is more than its cost for most of the developing countries. So, the precision agriculture has great prospect in Bangladesh as well as in the world and it is the utmost time to adopt this technology in our traditional agriculture.

/pdf/agriculture-livestock-and-fisheries-50v3y627sk.pdf

AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK and FISHERIES

The aim of this study was to investigate the interactive and main effects of parity numbers, parity seasonand parity month on postpartum fertility parameters (ovarian rebound (OR), days open (DO) and number of services per conception (S/C)) in Holstein dairy cows. Overall, 418 Holstein dairy cows (winter (December: 9, January: 13, and February: 15) spring (March: 14, April: 34, and May: 36), summer (June: 59, July: 76, and August: 50), and fall (September: 44, October: 47, and November: 21)) were used in this study. The main effect of season showed a significant (P<0.0001) decrease of days from parturition until OR in spring (20.69 ± 4.98) than other seasons (winter: 30.97 ± 16.18, summer: 23.71 ± 6.31and fall: 21.93 ± 4.63). Also, Do was found to be decreased in fall (99.18 ± 42.75, P<0.0001) than other seasons (winter: 189.5 ± 107.75, summer: 156.87 ± 56.05 and spring: 219.20 ± 55.06). Moreover, the main effect of parturition month was also significant (P<0.0001) on both OR and DO. The days from parturition to OR were decreased in March (20.36 ±8.1) and April (20.52 ± 4.56) than other months of the year. Meanwhile, the DO was decreased in November (86.33 ±41.57, P<0.0001). Further, the parity number affected significantly DO (P<0.0001) but not OR (P=0.804). The days open was longer (177.65 ± 69.22) afterfirst parturitionand shorter (95.66 ± 35.97) after the 6 th one than other parity numbers.The interaction effects of parity season, months and number on postpartum fertility parameters were alsosignificant (P < 0.0001).Ovarian reboundwas decreased after1 st , 3rd and 4 th parturition inspring, fall and summer mainly in March, October and August (16.50±3.21, 16.33±4.04 and 14±1.41, respectively).Whereas, DO was decreased after1 st parturition in autumn mainly in November (66.83±26.46). Non significant relation (P=0.6) was estimated between parity number and S/C. However, the season has a significant effect (P<0.02). We concluded that, the parity numbers, season and month have a significant effects on postpartum fertility parameters.

/pdf/effects-of-parity-on-postpartum-fertility-parameters-in-rxnxyxj575.pdf

Effects of Parity on Postpartum Fertility Parameters in Holstein Dairy Cows

Productive and reproductive performance parameters of Holstein-Friesian cows kept at the Livestock Experiment Station, Bhunikey (Pattoki), District Kasur for the period from 1991 to 2000 were studied. The average values for age at maturity, age at first conception and age at first calving were 652.70 ± 6.98, 714.74 ± 9.72 and 987.87 ± 9.81 days, respectively and the differences of these parameters during different seasons of birth were statistically non-significant. The average calving to first insemination interval, service period and calving interval in these cows were 113.34 ± 3.45, 222.22 ± 6.87 and 505.02 ± 8.28 days, respectively. Effect of parity on these parameters was statistically non-significant. On the other hand, the effect of calving season on calving to first insemination interval, service period and calving interval was statistically significant (P<0.05). The cows calving during humid hot season showed significantly (P<0.05) lower calving to first insemination and calving interval as compared to those calving during winter and spring seasons. The cows calving during autumn and humid hot seasons showed significantly (P<0.05) lower service period as compared to those calving during winter and spring seasons. The average number of services per conception was 3.07 ± 0.10. The differences of the number of services per conception during 6 th lactation with those of 1 st and 8 th lactation were statistically significant (P<0.05). The average gestation period was 278.61 ± 0.29 days. Higher gestation period was observed in cows carrying male calves than cows carrying female calves and this difference was statistically non-significant. The average lactation length and dry period were 291.86 ± 6.55 and 224.99 ± 10.00 days, respectively, while the average lactation milk yield was 2772.76 ± 65.00 liters. The differences of lactation milk yield between 7 th

Productive and reproductive performance of holstein-friesian cows in pakistan

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Productive and reproductive performance of holstein-friesian cows in pakistan