This review highlights various aspects of current palladium membrane research and serves as a comprehensive bibliography covering palladium membrane preparation methods and applications. There are many promising uses for palladium membranes, although widespread use of the available technologies is constrained primarily by the high cost of palladium, lack of durability due to hydrogen embrittlement, and susceptibility to fouling. Various researchers in the field are tackling these problems and fabricating thinner palladium alloy composite membranes that better withstand contaminantion and thermal cycling. What has been accomplished to address these issues and the directions presently being explored are discussed.

Innovations in palladium membrane research

Model of hydrogen permeation behavior in palladium membranes

Grain size and grain-boundary effects on diffusion and trapping of hydrogen in pure nickel

The presence of hydrogen may weaken the bonding of iron atoms at grain boundaries, leading to intergranular embrittlement and thus failure of the bulk material. In this paper, we study the interaction of hydrogen interstitials with close-packed and open grain boundary structures in $\ensuremath{\alpha}$- and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-Fe using density-functional theory. We find that hydrogen accommodation within the grain boundaries strongly depends on the local coordination of the available interstitial sites. Within the open grain boundary structures larger interstitial sites are available, enhancing the solubility as compared to that in the respective bulk phases. The mobility of hydrogen within the investigated grain boundaries is low compared to diffusion in perfect single-crystalline bulk. The grain boundaries do not provide fast diffusion channels for hydrogen, but act as hydrogen traps. Hydrogen that is accumulated within the grain boundaries can lead to a lowering of the critical strain required to fracture the material.

First-principles study on the interaction of H interstitials with grain boundaries in alpha- and gamma-Fe

Accelerated diffusion of hydrogen along grain boundaries in nickel

Grain boundary diffusion of hydrogen in nickel was quantified through permeation measurements performed on fine-grained foils produced by electrodeposition. The permeation data were analyzed with a modified version of the Hart equation. The grain boundary diffusion coefficient at 30°C is at least 3 × 10−12 m2/s, which is a factor of 40 greater than the lattice diffusion coefficient; however, the analysis indicates that a 1000-fold increase may not be unreasonable. The activation energy for grain boundary diffusion in this system is 30 kJ/mole, which is approximately three-fourths of the activation energy for hydrogen diffusion in single-crystal nickel. These results indicate that grain boundary diffusion should be considered in models of hydrogen transport during hydrogen-induced cracking of nickel and nickel-based alloys.

Grain boundary diffusion of hydrogen in nickel

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Grain boundary diffusion of hydrogen in nickel