Arc plasma torches are the primary components of various industrial thermal plasma processes involving plasma spraying, metal cutting and welding, thermal plasma CVD, metal melting and remelting, waste treatment, and gas production. They are relatively simple devices whose operation implies intricate thermal, chemical, electrical, and fluid dynamics phenomena. Modeling may be used as a means to better understand the physical processes involved in their operation. This article presents an overview of the main aspects involved in the modeling of DC arc plasma torches: the mathematical models including thermodynamic and chemical nonequilibrium models, turbulent and radiative transport, thermodynamic and transport property calculation, boundary conditions, and arc reattachment models. It focuses on the conventional plasma torches used for plasma spraying that include a hot cathode and a nozzle anode.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs11666-009-9342-1.pdf

Arc Plasma Torch Modeling

Transport properties of high-temperature helium and hydrogen plasmas as well as Jupiter atmosphere have been calculated for equilibrium and nonequilibrium conditions using higher approximations of the Chapman–Enskog method. A complete database of transport cross sections for relevant interactions has been derived, including minority species, by using both ab initio and phenomenological potentials. Inelastic collision integrals terms, due to resonant charge-exchange channels, have been also considered.

Transport Properties of High-Temperature Jupiter-Atmosphere Components

In the perspective of higher approximations of the Chapman-Enskog theory for transport property calculations, existing transport cross sections databases for interactions involving Earth atmosphere species have been updated and extended to Mars atmosphere components, proposing a phenomenological approach for the derivation of the relevant elastic collision integrals in neutral-neutral and neutral-ion interactions. Inelastic collision integrals terms, due to resonant charge exchange channels, have been considered and the asymptotic approach extended to the estimation of charge transfer cross section of multiple resonant processes.

High temperature Mars atmosphere. Part I: transport cross sections

Calculated values of the viscosity, thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of nitrogen and mixtures of nitrogen and hydrogen, including ammonia and hydrazine, at high temperatures are presented. Combined ordinary, pressure, temperature and electric field diffusion coefficients are also given for the mixtures. The calculations, which assume local thermodynamic equilibrium, are performed for plasmas in the temperature range from 300 to 30,000 K and the pressure range from 0.1 to 5 atm. The results are compared with those of previously published studies. Reasonable and in some cases very good agreement is found; those discrepancies that exist are attributed to the improved values of the some of the collision integrals used here. Different mixing rules are tested, with two found to give very good results: that of Yun et al. [K.-S. Yun, S. Weissman, E.A. Mason, Phys. Fluids 5 (1962) 672] for the viscosity and thermal conductivity, and a simple interpolation weighted by mole fraction for the electrical conductivity.

Transport coefficients of plasmas in mixtures of nitrogen and hydrogen

A one-dimensional hydro-kinetic model is developed to study arc extinction in a low-voltage breaking device. In part 1 of this double paper, the data necessary for the implementation of the hydro-kinetic model are presented. The equilibrium composition of the plasma is derived from the law of mass action. Mixtures of air and materials ablated from the thermoplastic wall (PA66, monomer C12H22O2N2) and from the contacts (copper) are considered. Thermodynamic properties such as mass density, enthalpy and specific heat at constant pressure are then calculated. Transport coefficients (viscosity, electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity) are determined with the Chapman–Enskog theory. Concerning radiation, the net emission coefficient, corresponding to the power radiated per unit volume and per unit solid angle, is calculated. Finally, for chemical kinetics, a reliable set of reaction rate coefficients linking the chemical species of the plasma is compiled. Particular attention is paid to ionization and recombination of atomic species which are obtained with the 'bottleneck' method.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0022-3727/42/17/175201/pdf

One-dimensional hydro-kinetic modelling of the decaying arc in air?PA66?copper mixtures: I. Chemical kinetics, thermodynamics, transport and radiative properties

The knowledge of transport coefficients is of interest in the modelling of flow in plasma processes and heat transfer. Calculations are performed in the temperature range of 9000–20 000 K and for different pressures (1, 3, 6 and 10 bar). The composition of e/C/H/N/O mixture plasmas is determined at equilibrium and four examples are studied: H2O, CO2, CO–H2O and CH4–air plasmas. First, the most recent data of potential interactions or elastic differential cross sections are carefully examined in order to choose the most appropriate ones to determine the collision integrals. Second, in this study devoted to high temperature calculations, we have restricted the species number to 12 (only atoms and atomic ions). Then we have tested the validity of our calculated composition and deduced that our transport properties are available for the temperature range of 9000–20 000 K at p = 1 bar and 11 000–20 000 K at p = 10 bar. Finally, the electrical conductivity, the viscosity and the total thermal conductivity are calculated for the four compositions and different pressures.

High temperature transport coefficients in e/C/H/N/O mixtures

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High temperature transport coefficients in e/C/H/N/O mixtures