Water is of fundamental importance for life on earth. The synthesis and structure of cell constituents and transport of nutrients into the cells as well as body metabolism depend on water. The contaminations present in water disturb the spontaneity of the mechanism and result in long/short-term diseases. The probable contaminations and their possible routes are discussed in the present review. Continued research efforts result in some processes/technologies to remove the contaminations from water. The review includes concepts and potentialities of the technologies in a comprehensible form. It also includes some meaningful hybrid technologies and promising awaited technologies in coming years.

/pdf/drinking-water-contamination-and-treatment-techniques-4vcff34upt.pdf

Drinking water contamination and treatment techniques

A review of magnet systems for targeted drug delivery.

https://pure.hud.ac.uk/ws/files/17416849/Manuscript_bNMRreview_16012019.pdf

Progress in low-field benchtop NMR spectroscopy in chemical and biochemical analysis

In this paper, practical design issues related to the use of high-strength neodymium-iron-boron magnets are described. These magnets have increasing utility in transportation systems (maglev, linear and rotary motors), bearings, and in eddy-current brakes. However, careful design must be done to utilize the full capabilities of these magnets.

http://www.thompsonrd.com/IEEE-Proc-NdFeB-final.pdf

Practical Issues in the Use of NdFeB Permanent Magnets in Maglev, Motors, Bearings, and Eddy Current Brakes

Magnetic diagnostics are essential for the operation and understanding of a magnetic fusion device. Magnetic data are used in real time to measure and control the current, shape, and position of the discharge; the thermal energy of the plasma; the confining magnetic field; and the currents in the magnet coils. Equilibrium reconstructions based on magnetic data yield the magnetic geometry of the plasma, providing the coordinates for interpretation of all other diagnostic measurements. Magnetic measurements also provide input for the analysis and feedback control of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities. This review focuses on the inductive loops and Hall effect probes that are used in nearly all present devices. We describe the principles of magnetic diagnostics and discuss issues related to their practical implementation. The interpretation of magnetic measurements for equilibrium reconstruction and for identification of MHD instabilities are summarized. Magnetic diagnostics based on inductive m...

Chapter 2: Magnetic Diagnostics

The field strength generated by permanent magnets has been further extended by introduction of saturated iron. A permanent magnet quadrupole (PMQ) lens with such saturated iron is one of the candidates for the final focus lens for an e/sup +/e/sup -/ linear collider accelerator, because of its compactness and low power consumption. The first prototype of the PMQ has been fabricated and demonstrated to have an integrated strength of 28.5 T with an overall length of 10 cm and a 7 mm bore radius. Two drawbacks should be considered: its negative temperature coefficient of field strength and its fixed strength. A thermal compensation material is being tested to cure the first problem. The other problem may be solved by rotating sectioned magnet bricks, but that may lead to movement of the magnetic center and introduction of multipoles beyond some strict requirements.

/pdf/super-strong-permanent-magnet-quadrupole-for-a-linear-21s37bfsv3.pdf

Super strong permanent magnet quadrupole for a linear collider

A permanent magnet quadrupole (PMQ) is one of the candidates for the final focus lens in a linear collider. An over 120 T/m strong variable permanent magnet quadrupole is achieved by the introduction of saturated iron and a 'double ring structure'. A fabricated PMQ achieved 24 T integrated gradient with phi20 mm bore diameter, phi100 mm magnet diameter and 20 cm pole length. The strength of the PMQ is adjustable in 1.4 T steps, due to its 'double ring structure': the PMQ is split into two nested rings; the outer ring is sliced along the beam line into four parts and is rotated to change the strength. This paper describes the variable PMQ from fabrication to recent adjustments

/pdf/variable-permanent-magnet-quadrupole-cnber7obuj.pdf

Variable Permanent Magnet Quadrupole

Strong dipole permanent magnet models for various kinds of accelerator applications are under development at NIRS. Field strengths exceeding 4 Tesla in the magnet gap are achieved by an extended Halbach type magnet configuration. The field level is more than a factor of three stronger than the residual field of the material. This will open various new kinds accelerator applications from very compact to large scale hadron collider magnets that allow easy accelerator operation without power supplies.

/pdf/development-of-4-tesla-permanent-magnet-1oqd2m92n9.pdf

Development of 4 tesla permanent magnet

Strong permanent magnet quadrupole lens is one of the candidates as the final focus lens for the linear collider, because of its compactness and less power consumption, while one drawback is its fixed strength. The total strength of a lens can be changed by rotating subdivided pieces separately. Some issues on such a system will be discussed.

Permanent magnet quadrupole for final focus for linear collider

Permanent magnets are believed to be applicable only to make small and weak magnets. It is possible, however, to make a magnet with much higher strength than those in the past by introducing a saturated iron pole. Cooling down the magnet further enhances the field strength to a great extent. We have demonstrated that a permanent dipole magnet exceeding a typical permanent magnet more than by factor 3 is possible. A new challenge is to conceive such magnet for an accelerator application where time dependent alternating field is often requested.

Development of high field permanent magnet

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