Owing to the increasing emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), human life and the ecological environment have been affected by global warming and climate changes. To mitigate the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere various strategies have been implemented such as separation, storage, and utilization of CO2. Although it has been explored for many years, hydrogenation reaction, an important representative among chemical conversions of CO2, offers challenging opportunities for sustainable development in energy and the environment. Indeed, the hydrogenation of CO2 not only reduces the increasing CO2 buildup but also produces fuels and chemicals. In this critical review we discuss recent developments in this area, with emphases on catalytic reactivity, reactor innovation, and reaction mechanism. We also provide an overview regarding the challenges and opportunities for future research in the field (319 references).

Recent advances in catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide

The literature treating mechanisms of catalyst deactivation is reviewed. Intrinsic mechanisms of catalyst deactivation are many; nevertheless, they can be classified into six distinct types: (i) poisoning, (ii) fouling, (iii) thermal degradation, (iv) vapor compound formation accompanied by transport, (v) vapor-solid and/or solid-solid reactions, and (vi) attrition/crushing. As (i), (iv), and (v) are chemical in nature and (ii) and (v) are mechanical, the causes of deactivation are basically three-fold: chemical, mechanical and thermal. Each of these six mechanisms is defined and its features are illustrated by data and examples from the literature. The status of knowledge and needs for further work are also summarized for each type of deactivation mechanism. The development during the past two decades of more sophisticated surface spectroscopies and powerful computer technologies provides opportunities for obtaining substantially better understanding of deactivation mechanisms and building this understanding into comprehensive mathematical models that will enable more effective design and optimization of processes involving deactivating catalysts. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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Mechanisms of catalyst deactivation

Deactivation of heterogeneous catalysts is a ubiquitous problem that causes loss of catalytic rate with time. This review on deactivation and regeneration of heterogeneous catalysts classifies deactivation by type (chemical, thermal, and mechanical) and by mechanism (poisoning, fouling, thermal degradation, vapor formation, vapor-solid and solid-solid reactions, and attrition/crushing). The key features and considerations for each of these deactivation types is reviewed in detail with reference to the latest literature reports in these areas. Two case studies on the deactivation mechanisms of catalysts used for cobalt Fischer-Tropsch and selective catalytic reduction are considered to provide additional depth in the topics of sintering, coking, poisoning, and fouling. Regeneration considerations and options are also briefly discussed for each deactivation mechanism.

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Heterogeneous Catalyst Deactivation and Regeneration: A Review

CO2 methanation over heterogeneous catalysts: recent progress and future prospects

Although being very challenging, utilization of carbon dioxide (CO2) originating from production processes and flue gases of CO2-intensive sectors has a great environmental and industrial potential due to improving the resource efficiency of industry as well as by contributing to the reduction of CO2 emissions. As a renewable and environmentally friendly source of carbon, catalytic approaches for CO2 fixation in the synthesis of chemicals offer the way to mitigate the increasing CO2 buildup. Among the catalytic reactions, methanation of CO2 is a particularly promising technique for producing energy carrier or chemical. This article focuses on recent developments in catalytic materials, novel reactors, and reaction mechanism for methanation of CO2.

Methanation of carbon dioxide: an overview

Several basic growth mechanisms are analyzed in order to model the bimodal size distributions observed in catalytically induced sintering processes. It is shown how 1) kinetic equations may generate such distributions as a transient phenomenon and 2) how Monte Carlo simulations may lead to broad monomodal distributions.

Kinetics of Bimodal Grain Size Distribution of a Ni Catalyst During Hydrogenation of CO

A geometrical model which captures the basic features of CO oxidation on a planar surface has been investigated in the bistable regime between low and high CO surface coverage. For a specific value of pressure and temperature one observes properties that are similar to those found at second order phase transitions in equilibrium systems: long range spatial correlations, divergence of thermodynamic quantities and slow relaxation times.

Critical Point Properties of the Surface Structure During CO Oxidation

CO hydrogenation on a nickel catalyst. I: Kinetics and modeling of a low temperature sintering process

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Kinetics of Bimodal Grain Size Distribution of a Ni Catalyst During Hydrogenation of CO

Critical Point Properties of the Surface Structure During CO Oxidation

CO hydrogenation on a nickel catalyst. I: Kinetics and modeling of a low temperature sintering process