Thermal and chemical stability of fluorohydroxyapatite ceramics with different fluorine contents

The effect of fluoride contents in fluoridated hydroxyapatite on osteoblast behavior.

This contribution discusses salient properties and functions of hydroxylapatite (HA)-based plasma-sprayed coatings, including the effect on biomedical efficacy of coating thickness, phase composition and distribution, amorphicity and crystallinity, porosity and surface roughness, cohesion and adhesion, micro- and nano-structured surface morphology, and residual coating stresses. In addition, it will provide details of the thermal alteration that HA particles undergo in the extremely hot plasma jet that leads to dehydroxylated phases such as oxyhydroxylapatite (OHA) and oxyapatite (OA) as well as thermal decomposition products such as tri-(TCP) and tetracalcium phosphates (TTCP), and quenched phases such as amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP). The contribution will further explain the role of ACP during the in vitro interaction of the as-deposited coatings with simulated body fluid resembling the composition of extracellular fluid (ECF) as well as the in vivo responses of coatings to the ECF and the host tissue, respectively. Finally, it will briefly describe performance profiles required to fulfill biological functions of osteoconductive bioceramic coatings designed to improve osseointegration of hip endoprostheses and dental root implants. In large parts, the content of this contribution is a targeted review of work done by the author and his students and coworkers over the last two decades. In addition, it is considered a stepping stone toward a standard operation procedure aimed at depositing plasma-sprayed bioceramic implant coatings with optimum properties.

/pdf/plasma-sprayed-hydroxylapatite-based-coatings-chemical-3i1l4nxzke.pdf

Plasma-Sprayed Hydroxylapatite-Based Coatings: Chemical, Mechanical, Microstructural, and Biomedical Properties

Synthesis of hydroxyapatite/fluoroapatite solid solution by a sol–gel method

Rat calvarial cell mitogenic behavior was investigated on various biomaterials coated with Matrigel®, a basement membrane matrix containing growth factors. Low (20–40%) and high (70–90%) crystallinity hydroxyapatite (rHA and cHA), rough titanium (Ti), and tissue culture polystyrene (TP) surfaces were compared. Surface chemistry and calcium resorption of HA coatings, alkaline phosphatase activity (APA), and growth of cells were measured for Matrigel®-coated and uncoated surfaces at 2, 7, and 14 days. Gene expression for four noncollagenous bone-related proteins (osteonectin, osteopontin, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin) was also investigated by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction up to 28 days. Ca concentration in incubating solutions increased with time for the two types of HA coatings and was always greater for rHA than cHA. Surface chemistry and coating dissolution rates were not affected by the presence of Matrigel® or cells throughout the study. APA of cells on the two HA-coated surfaces was comparably enhanced in the presence of Matrigel® and was greater than on Ti surfaces. Only HA surfaces showed an increased APA of cells with time in the presence of Matrigel®. Cell growth peaked at 7 days and was greatest for cells on the two HA surfaces and without Matrigel®. At 14 days, cell growth was comparable on the four surfaces. The presence of HA and Matrigel® enhanced cell-specific APA at 14 days. Gene expression for all four proteins investigated showed no differences between surfaces after 7 days. At 2 and 7 days, gene expression was indicative of proliferation for Ti, and of proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization for HA and TP more so without Matrigel®. The addition of this matrix significantly enhanced mitogenicity of calvarial cells on HA only after 14 days. Matrigel® eliminated differences seen between the two HA coatings. Gene expression was not enhanced or inhibited by the presence of Matrigel®. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 40, 171–179, 1998.

Bone cell behavior on Matrigel-coated Ca/P coatings of varying crystallinities.

One potential alternative material to replace hydroxyapatite (HAp) as a coating material for plasma-sprayed coatings on implants for hip replacement is fluorapatite (FAp). FAp has advantages over HAp regarding the capability of being chemically stable during the coating process. This leads to surface coatings containing high apatite rates with a mechanical stability (bond strength, microhardness) comparable to HAp. From the technical point of view the production of FAp coatings is well investigated, although studies on biocompatibility of FAp coatings are fewer. This paper reports the production of HAp and FAp coatings with varying solubilities by plasma spraying and their in vitro cytotoxicity. Varying solubilities were realized by using modified plasma-spray parameters in common with suitable apatite powders with different crystallinities. Coating solubilities were evaluated by immersing the plasma-sprayed coatings in deionized water and electrolyte solution. Afterwards, cytotoxicity tests were performed using a modified half-slide technique. Cell attachment and cell morphology were evaluated. Neither HAp nor FAp coatings exhibited cytoxic influence on cells in culture. Results suggest that HAp coatings stimulate cell growth and FAp coatings do not. This could be explained by a negative effect on cell growth of the dissolved fluoride ions.

Cytotoxicity investigations of plasma sprayed calcium phosphate coatings

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Cytotoxicity investigations of plasma sprayed calcium phosphate coatings