Origami, the ancient art of paper folding, has inspired the design of engineering devices and structures for decades. The underlying principles of origami are very general, which has led to applications ranging from cardboard containers to deployable space structures. More recently, researchers have become interested in the use of active materials (i.e., those that convert various forms of energy into mechanical work) to effect the desired folding behavior. When used in a suitable geometry, active materials allow engineers to create self-folding structures. Such structures are capable of performing folding and/or unfolding operations without being kinematically manipulated by external forces or moments. This is advantageous for many applications including space systems, underwater robotics, small scale devices, and self-assembling systems. This article is a survey and analysis of prior work on active self-folding structures as well as methods and tools available for the design of folding structures in general and self-folding structures in particular. The goal is to provide researchers and practitioners with a systematic view of the state-of-the-art in this important and evolving area. Unifying structural principles for active self-folding structures are identified and used as a basis for a quantitative and qualitative comparison of numerous classes of active materials. Design considerations specific to folded structures are examined, including the issues of crease pattern identification and fold kinematics. Although few tools have been created with active materials in mind, many of them are useful in the overall design process for active self-folding structures. Finally, the article concludes with a discussion of open questions for the field of origami-inspired engineering.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0964-1726/23/9/094001/pdf

Origami-inspired active structures: a synthesis and review

A bottom-up, multiscale modeling approach is presented to carry out high-fidelity virtual mechanical tests of composite materials and structures. The strategy begins with the in situ measurement of the matrix and interface mechanical properties at the nanometer-micrometer range to build up a ladder of the numerical simulations, which take into account the relevant deformation and failure mechanisms at different length scales relevant to individual plies, laminates and components. The main features of each simulation step and the information transferred between length scales are described in detail as well as the current limitations and the areas for further development. Finally, the roadmap for the extension of the current strategy to include functional properties and processing into the simulation scheme is delineated.

Multiscale modeling of composite materials: a roadmap towards virtual testing

Origami, the ancient Japanese art of paper folding, is not only an inspiring technique to create sophisticated shapes, but also a surprisingly powerful method to induce nonlinear mechanical properties. Over the last decade, advances in crease design, mechanics modeling, and scalable fabrication have fostered the rapid emergence of architected origami materials. These materials typically consist of folded origami sheets or modules with intricate 3D geometries, and feature many unique and desirable material properties like auxetics, tunable nonlinear stiffness, multistability, and impact absorption. Rich designs in origami offer great freedom to design the performance of such origami materials, and folding offers a unique opportunity to efficiently fabricate these materials at vastly different sizes. Here, recent studies on the different aspects of origami materials-geometric design, mechanics analysis, achieved properties, and fabrication techniques-are highlighted and the challenges ahead discussed. The synergies between these different aspects will continue to mature and flourish this promising field.

https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10197964

Architected Origami Materials: How Folding Creates Sophisticated Mechanical Properties.

It is widely known that the demand for lightweight structures with excellent energy absorption capacity is paramount in numerous engineering applications. Many publications have revealed that corrugated structures can collapse in a relatively controlled manner with a uniform force-displacement response and have remarkable energy absorption efficiency when compared with traditional structures without corrugations. The present work provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the development of corrugated structures for energy absorption applications, also considering the effects of corrugation characteristics on their crashworthiness. Such advanced energy absorbers include corrugated tubes, corrugated tapered tubes, corrugated beam and plates, corrugated honeycombs, corrugated core sandwich panels and other hybrid structures with complex corrugations. This review demonstrates that thin-walled structures with introduced corrugations can achieve more efficient and effective energy absorption. Finally, contemporary challenges of design and manufacture are discussed, as well as future directions for corrugated structures. This synopsis provides a useful platform for researchers and engineers designing corrugated structures for energy absorption applications.

Thin-walled corrugated structures: A review of crashworthiness designs and energy absorption characteristics

A heat shield called the thermal protection system (TPS) is an important structure in hypersonic vehicles as it prevents hot air from entering vehicles and potential impacts from space debris. With the increase in demand for low-cost reusable launch vehicles as well as for searching and exploration of new planets in both unmanned and manned missions, the need for developing an effective TPS has increased across many countries. The structural design of TPSs has become more prominent in the early stage of hypersonic vehicle development. Sandwich structures that have the advantages of low density and high performance are integrated into the structural design of an effective TPS. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent research efforts on sandwich structures for TPSs. The topics discussed in this paper include aspects of structural and material design, mechanical and thermomechanical performances, and manufacturing methods. In particular, we review and discuss the structural design as well as the material design of sandwich structures for different TPS types with various configurations, including corrugated cores, lattice cores, multilayer cores, foams, honeycomb cores, bio-inspired cores. The materials used for the sandwich structures, such as various types of laminated composite, ceramic matrix composite, and metals, are included. We also discuss the performance of the TPS sandwich structures in terms of temperature gradients, deformation limits, and mechanical strengths and provide a discussion on the manufacturing methods of TPS sandwich structures for hypersonic vehicles. Finally, further research directions and challenges of sandwich structures for TPSs are presented.

Advanced sandwich structures for thermal protection systems in hypersonic vehicles: A review

Sandwich structures with textile-reinforced composite foldcores under impact loads

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Sandwich structures with textile-reinforced composite foldcores under impact loads