In real life conditions, the trapped air between the human body and the garment has uneven shape and vary over the body parts as a consequence of the complex geometry of the human body. However, the existing clothing models assume uniform air layer between the human body and the garment or its full contact, which may cause large error in the output of simulations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a heterogeneous vertical air gap with different configuration of folds (size and frequency) on dry heat loss using a heated cylinder (Torso). It was found that the presence of folds in the garment led to an increased heat loss from the body in comparison to a homogeneous air gap of comparable size. Interestingly, the size of folds did not have an influence on the dry heat loss. Additionally, the effect of the contact area on dry heat loss became important when exceeding a threshold of about 42 %. The results from this study are useful for modelling of a realistic dry heat loss through the clothing and contribute to the improvement of design of protective and active sport garments.

/pdf/effect-of-heterogenous-and-homogenous-air-gaps-on-dry-heat-26m6z6swnl.pdf

Effect of heterogenous and homogenous air gaps on dry heat loss through the garment

The enhancement of the thermal performance of heat exchanging equipment transport energy at low financial cost by various techniques is presented in this review. Various annular passage configurations have been used in the reviewed studies, namely circular, ellipse, rectangular, square, triangular, and rhombic annular channels with different fluid and boundary conditions. The effect of eccentricity in both horizontal and vertical directions on heat transfer rate in most numerical and experimental investigations for horizontal and vertical annular passages is studied. The effects of heater length, as well as the Darcy, Prandtl, Reynolds, Grashof and Rayleigh numbers on heat transfer in concentric and eccentric annular passages are also investigated. In case of rotating the inner, outer or both cylinders of the annular cylinder arrangement, the generated secondary flow influences the heat transfer to fluid flow in an annular passage. The effect of nanofluid on the increased enhancement of heat transfer in an annular channel is presented. Related studies on curved, covered annular channels showed augmented heat transfer rate in comparison with straight annular channels. In this review, a good agreement is evident between experimental and numerical data, which could help researchers design thermal systems supported by annular passages with the goal of retarding energy consumption by equipment and machineries in applications that could ultimately contribute to appeasing the global energy crisis.

A review of studies on forced, natural and mixed heat transfer to fluid and nanofluid flow in an annular passage.

Fully developed laminar natural convection in open-ended vertical concentric annuli

http://www.aast.edu/pheed/staffadminview/pdf_retreive.php?url=57515_53_114_Energy%20Conversion%20and%20Management%2085%20(2014)%20333–342.pdf&stafftype=staffpdf

Numerical simulations of the effect of an isotropic heat field on the entropy generation due to natural convection in a square cavity

An experimental study of heat transfer in an open-ended vertical eccentric annulus with insulated and constant heat flux boundaries

Natural convection in uniformly heated vertical annuli

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Natural convection in uniformly heated vertical annuli