Beyond Growth: The Economics of Sustainable Development

Fiber-reinforced polymer composites in strengthening reinforced concrete structures: A critical review

A responsible approach towards sustainable development requires the use of environmentally friendly, low-carbon, and energy-intensive materials. One positive way is to use glass waste as a replacement for fine natural aggregate. For this purpose, the effects of adding glass cullet to the mechanical properties of mortar were carried out. The glass aggregate made from recycled post-consumer waste glass (food, medicine, and cosmetics packaging, including mostly bottles), were used. This experimental work included four different contents of fine glass cullet (5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.% of fine aggregate). The compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths were evaluated. Moreover, the modulus of elasticity and Poisson coefficient were determined. The addition of glass sand aggregate increases the mechanical properties of mortar. When comparing the strength, the obtained improvement in split tensile strength was the least affected. The obtained effect for the increased analysed properties of the glass sand aggregate content has been rarely reported. Moreover, it was determined that by increasing the recycled glass sand aggregate content, the density of mortar decreased. In addition, the relationships between the properties for mortar containing glass sand aggregate were observed.

Effect of Waste Glass Addition as a Replacement for Fine Aggregate on Properties of Mortar.

The objective of the paper is to analyze the effect of substrate roughness and superficial microcraking upon adhesion of repair systems using concrete surface engineering approach. The results presented in this paper have been obtained within the framework of research projects performed to develop a better understanding of the factors affecting the adhesion of repair materials through a surface engineering approach. Based on the results of investigations, the authors showed that the durability and quality of concrete repairs depend to a large degree on the characteristics of the substrate. Mechanical preparation and profiling of the concrete surface to be repaired has to be balanced with potential co-lateral effects such as superficial cracking, too often induced as a result of inappropriate concrete removal method selection, and the loss of benefits due to better mechanical anchorage. The results obtained confirm also that Concrete Surface Engineering, as a scientific concept, will definitely contribute to shed more light on how to optimize repair bond, taking into account interactions between the materials at different observation scales.

/pdf/a-surface-engineering-approach-applicable-to-concrete-repair-4bs9u2yj1n.pdf

A surface engineering approach applicable to concrete repair engineering

Considering the cooperative relationship between owners and contractors in sustainable construction projects, as well as the synergistic effects created by cooperative behaviors, a cooperative incentive model was developed using game theory. The model was formulated and analyzed under both non-moral hazard and moral hazard situations. Then, a numerical simulation and example were proposed to verify the conclusions derived from the model. The results showed that the synergistic effect increases the input intensity of one party’s resource transfer into the increase of marginal utility of the other party, thus the owner and contractor are willing to enhance their levels of effort. One party’s optimal benefit allocation coefficient is positively affected by its own output efficiency, and negatively affected by the other party’s output efficiency. The effort level and expected benefits of the owner and contractor can be improved by enhancing the cooperative relationship between the two parties, as well as enhancing the net benefits of a sustainable construction project. The synergistic effect cannot lower the negative effect of moral hazard behaviors during the implementation of sustainable construction projects. Conversely, the higher levels of the cooperative relationship, the wider the gaps amongst the optimal values under both non-moral hazard and moral hazard situations for the levels of effort, expected benefits and net project benefits. Since few studies to date have emphasized the effects of cooperative relationship on sustainable construction projects, this study constructed a game-based incentive model to bridge the gaps. This study contributes significant theoretical and practical insights into the management of cooperation amongst stakeholders, and into the enhancement of the overall benefits of sustainable construction projects.

Incentive Model Based on Cooperative Relationship in Sustainable Construction Projects

The leitmotiv of the renoma ICMR Akita International Conference since 1991 is the beneficial integration of separate idea into new concept, which could provide for sustainable development of human being. Authors try to reply to this Conference main idea on the arena of sustainable construction discussed as the research area. The notion of sustainable development aspires to the role of a leading civilisational idea. Sustainable development \"implies meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs\" (UN, 1987) [1]. The term is the most frequently found expression in forecasts and similar studies. It follows from philosophical premises and-in Poland-it is a constitutional prerequisite: \"The Republic of Poland shall safeguard the independence and integrity of its territory and ensure the freedoms and rights of persons and citizens, security of citizens, safeguarding of Poland's national heritage, and ensure the protection of the natural environment pursuant to the principles of sustainable development.\" Therefore, sustainable development constitutes a principle that is to be followed by the Republic of Poland, in turn safeguarding fundamental values. In the Environmental Protection Laws, the definition of sustainable development is expanded further: such socio-economic development, in which-in order to equalise the opportunities to access the environment by individual communities or their members-both of contemporary generations and those still to come-a process of the integration of political, economic, and social actions takes place, maintaining the natural balance and continuity of vital natural processes [2]. Brundtland's definition of sustainable development [1] points out some ethical and ecological aspects. Cywiński, in his philosophy of sustainability [3], underlines the need to generalise the definition of sustainable development and to also consider human spiritual needs. According to Cywi.ski, sustainable development fulfils the comprehensive, spiritual, and material needs of today's people, without limiting the ability of future generations to satisfy their own respective needs. As a consequence, engineers must be prepared to respond not only to the 'material' question of 'how' but also be able to successfully cope with the 'spiritual' challenges of 'why'. [4]. The principle of sustainable development can also be approached from the point of view of the caution that is included in the second law of thermodynamics. In Clausius'version, the law implies that in isolated systems, processes can only occur if entropy is increased at the same time. There have always been civilisations that have declined and fallen. In our times, the imperative of the constant growth of scale and sophistication might also bring about a disaster. Daly [5] formulated the following general principles of sustainability (Table 1): renewable resources (e.g. water), including food (e.g. fish), must not be used faster than the rate at which they can be regenerated, non-renewable resources must not be used faster than they are replaced with renewable substitutes, pollution and waste must not be produced faster than they can be absorbed by nature, recycled, or rendered harmless. Sustainable development is a life necessity. The above summary reflects a general research inspiration, comprising such areas in construction as the rationalisation of energy management (energy + mass), structural durability, maintenance, renovation, repairs, modernisation (including revitalisation), working life, Sustainable Construction as a Research Area

Sustainable Construction as a Research Area

Budownictwo zrównoważone budownictwem przyszłości

Sustainable development is one of the leading civilization ideas. This term means such a development that satisfies the present needs without a limitation of the possibility of satisfying the needs in the future. Sustainable development in construction is particularly important, as this branch of the industry is consuming enormous amounts of mass and energy. A new research area has been created by this idea. The new fields of investigation are involved with material, energetic, and environmental conditions, but also with such topics as protection against noise and the methods of the evaluation of the efficiency of waste materials storage. Merging the worlds of cement concrete and concrete-polymer composites opens ways to synergetic effects that support sustainable material development. Implementation of the idea of sustainable development in the construction industry will be a source of scientific and engineering inspiration for many years to come. 1. Sustainable development – a challenge for civilisation The notion of sustainable development aspires to the role of a leading civilisational idea. Sustainable development “implies meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” [UN, 1987]. The term is the most frequently found expression in forecasts and similar studies. It follows from philosophical premises and – in Poland – it is a constitutional prerequisite: ”The Republic of Poland shall safeguard the independence and integrity of its territory and ensure the freedoms and rights of persons and citizens, security of citizens, safeguarding of Poland‟s national heritage, and ensure the protection of the natural environment pursuant to the principles of sustainable development.” Therefore, sustainable development constitutes a principle that is to be followed by the Republic of Poland, in turn safeguarding fundamental values. In the Environmental Protection Laws, the definition of sustainable development is expanded further: such socio-economic development, in which – in order to equalise the opportunities to access the environment by individual communities or their members – both of contemporary generations and those still to come – a process of the integration of

Sustainable construction: challenges, contribution of polymers, research arena

Definiowanie zrównoważonego budownictwa. Cz.2

Nowe aspekty oceny wyrobów budowlanych w kontekście wymagania zrównoważonego wykorzystania zasobów naturalnych

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