Special Lecture: The Origin, Diversity, and Biology of Shoot-Borne Roots P.W. Barlow. The Commercial Importance of Adventitious Rooting: Commercial Application of Adventitious Rooting to Forestry G.A. Ritchie. Infrastructure for Research: Model Systems for Studying Adventitious Root Formation S.G. Ernst. Setting the Stage for Rooting: Novel Experimental Systems for Determining Cellular Competence and Determination D. Mohnen. Induction of Rooting: Auxin Metabolism and Adventitious Root Initiation D. Blakesley. Root Development and Plant Growth: Modeling Root System Morphology in Rice S. Morita, J. Abe. Special Chapter: A Historical Evaluation of Adventitious Rooting Research to 1993 B.E. Haissig, T.D. Davis. Epilogue: Research on Adventitious Rooting W.P. Hackett, J.R. Murray. 12 additional articles. Index.

Biology of Adventitious Root Formation

Cuttings obtained from seedlings of Pisum sativum L. were rooted in water solution. Shoot growth continued after excision and shoot length increased considerably before roots emerged. Increase in dry weight was strongly dependent on light supply. Continued growth was dependent on supply of mineral nutrients to the rooting solution.

Mineral nutrients had no or slight influence on the number of roots formed on cuttings from stock plants grown in fertilized soil, but the growth in length of the roots was dependent on the presence of calcium in the solution. Root formation was dependent on photosynthetic products formed after excision. No roots were formed on cuttings kept in the dark. The number of roots increased with increasing irradiance given to the leafy part of the cutting. At a low level of irradiance sucrose supply through the rooting medium increased the number of roots. Light given to the basal part of the cuttings had a strongly inhibitory effect on the number of roots formed. It is concluded that the carbohydrate level easily becomes a limiting factor for root formation in growing pea cuttings. Availability of mineral nutrients influences in the first place the growth of the shoots.

Effects of Nutrients and Light on Growth and Root Formation in Pisum sativum Cuttings

Physiological studies for tropical tree improvement and conservation. Factors affecting root initiation in cuttings of Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum.

The effect of several polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine), their precursors (l-arginine and l-ornithine), and some analogs and metabolic inhibitors (l-canavanine, l-canaline, and methylglyoxal-bis [guanylhydrazone]) on root formation have been studied in mung bean ( Vigna radiata [L.] Wilczek) hypocotyl cuttings. Exogenously applied polyamines did not promote adventitious root formation. Rooting was inhibited by l-canavanine and l-canaline, and this inhibition was reversed by the corresponding amino acids l-arginine and l-ornithine. Methylglyoxal-bis (guanylhydrazone), an inhibitor of S -adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and polyamine biosynthesis, was also found to inhibit root formation. All compounds at concentrations of >10 −4 molarity completely inhibited natural root formation, whereas at −5 molarity only the indole-butyric acid-induced root formation was inhibited. Indole-butyric acid-induced root formation was accompanied by a considerable increase in polyamine levels, more than 2-fold of the control. Whereas senescing (unrooted) cuttings evinced a rapid decline in polyamine content during 48 hours, indole-butyric acid treatment resulted in elevated levels of putrescine and increased putrescine to spermidine ratio. The changes in polyamines were dependent on indole-butyric acid concentration and were organ specific.

http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/plantphysiol/70/3/844.full.pdf

Polyamines and root formation in mung bean hypocotyl cuttings : I. Effects of exogenous compounds and changes in endogenous polyamine content.

The changing levels of carbohydrates and the rates of photosynthesis in rooting Populus cuttings are described. The cuttings were planted in a sand medium, in controlled environment conditions. There was no evidence to support the view that failure to root in P. tremula was caused by insufficient carbohydrate reserves. In leafless hardwood cuttings, the carbohydrate levels were initially very high (14–19%) but fell rapidly (to 5–10%) as roots, callus or shoots developed. In leafy softwood cuttings, a steady accumulation of carbohydrate reserves was observed, rising from 5–10% on planting to 15–25% when roots had developed. One of the differences between the easy-to-root P. × euramericana and the hard-to-root P. tremula was the apparent downward transport of assimilates in P. × euramericana softwood cuttings.

The Physiology of Rooting Populus Cuttings

2.5 cm long stem segments of Populus nigra L. did not root when cultured in water or in auxins alone but rooted in glucose. The number of rooted segments and roots produced on them increased with rising glucose concentrations up to 0.5%, but decreased with higher concentrations. An addition of 1.0 mg/1 IAA inhibited rooting at 0.01 % glucose, was ineffective at 0.1 % and stimulative at higher concentrations of glucose which were inhibitory when used alone. The results show that the auxin effects on rooting are influenced by the nutritional status of the stem cutting of a species, and that a proper balance of the two is necessary for root development.

Effect of Glucose and Auxins in Rooting Etiolated Stem Segments of Populus nigra

Rooting on 2.5 cm long stem segments of Salix tetrasperma was optimal when cultured in 5.0 mg/I IAA in combination with 1.0 % glucose at 30°C, and in combination with 0.1 % glucose at 15°C. 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine (FUDR), actinomycin-D and cycloheximide all inhibited rooting and the inhibitory effect in each case increased with concentration. 5-Fluorouracil (FU), on the other hand, was ineffective. The results show that auxins probably act as a triggering agent for the synthesis of specific enzyme proteins that are required for the initiation of root primordia at the transcriptional level and that a correct balance of auxin and nutrition which may vary with the environmental conditions, is necessary for optimal rooting.

Effect of Temperature and Some Antimetabolites on the Interaction Effects of Auxin and Nutrition in Rooting Etiolated Stem Segments of Salix tetrasperma

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Effect of Glucose and Auxins in Rooting Etiolated Stem Segments of Populus nigra

Effect of Temperature and Some Antimetabolites on the Interaction Effects of Auxin and Nutrition in Rooting Etiolated Stem Segments of Salix tetrasperma