As an extraordinarily lightweight and porous functional nanomaterial family, aerogels have attracted considerable interest in academia and industry in recent decades. Despite the application scopes, the modest mechanical durability of aerogels makes their processing and operation challenging, in particular, for situations demanding intricate physical structures. “Bottom-up” additive manufacturing technology has the potential to address this drawback. Indeed, since the first report of 3D printed aerogels in 2015, a new interdisciplinary research area combining aerogel and printing technology has emerged to push the boundaries of structure and performance, further broadening their application scope. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art of printed aerogels and presents a comprehensive view of their developments in the past 5 years, and highlights the key near- and mid-term challenges.

Printed aerogels: chemistry, processing, and applications.

Over the years, researchers have made significant strides in the development of novel flexible/stretchable and conductive materials, enabling the creation of cutting-edge electronic devices for wearable applications. Among these, porous conductive textiles (PCTs) have emerged as an ideal material platform for wearable electronics, owing to their light weight, flexibility, permeability, and wearing comfort. This Review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the progress and state of the art of utilizing PCTs for the design and fabrication of a wide variety of wearable electronic devices and their integrated wearable systems. To begin with, we elucidate how PCTs revolutionize the form factors of wearable electronics. We then discuss the preparation strategies of PCTs, in terms of the raw materials, fabrication processes, and key properties. Afterward, we provide detailed illustrations of how PCTs are used as basic building blocks to design and fabricate a wide variety of intrinsically flexible or stretchable devices, including sensors, actuators, therapeutic devices, energy-harvesting and storage devices, and displays. We further describe the techniques and strategies for wearable electronic systems either by hybridizing conventional off-the-shelf rigid electronic components with PCTs or by integrating multiple fibrous devices made of PCTs. Subsequently, we highlight some important wearable application scenarios in healthcare, sports and training, converging technologies, and professional specialists. At the end of the Review, we discuss the challenges and perspectives on future research directions and give overall conclusions. As the demand for more personalized and interconnected devices continues to grow, PCT-based wearables hold immense potential to redefine the landscape of wearable technology and reshape the way we live, work, and play.

Porous Conductive Textiles for Wearable Electronics.

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology has attracted a great deal of interest because it can be easily adapted to many industries and research sectors, such as biomedical, manufacturing, education, and engineering. Specifically, 3D bioprinting has provided significant advances in the medical industry, since such technology has led to significant breakthroughs in the synthesis of biomaterials, cells, and accompanying elements to produce composite living tissues. 3D bioprinting technology could lead to the immense capability of replacing damaged or injured tissues or organs with newly dispensed cell biomaterials and functional tissues. Several types of bioprinting technology and different bio-inks can be used to replicate cells and generate supporting units as complex 3D living tissues. Bioprinting techniques have undergone great advancements in the field of regenerative medicine to provide 3D printed models for numerous artificial organs and transplantable tissues. This review paper aims to provide an overview of 3D-bioprinting technologies by elucidating the current advancements, recent progress, opportunities, and applications in this field. It highlights the most recent advancements in 3D-bioprinting technology, particularly in the area of artificial organ development and cancer research. Additionally, the paper speculates on the future progress in 3D-bioprinting as a versatile foundation for several biomedical applications.

/pdf/a-focused-review-on-three-dimensional-bioprinting-technology-3dmjkyi9.pdf

A focused review on three-dimensional bioprinting technology for artificial organ fabrication.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a technique where the products are printed layer-by-layer via a series of cross-sectional slices with the exact deposition of different cell types and biomaterials based on computer-aided design software. Three-dimensional printing can be divided into several approaches, such as extrusion-based printing, laser-induced forward transfer-based printing systems, and so on. Bio-ink is a crucial tool necessary for the fabrication of the 3D construct of living tissue in order to mimic the native tissue/cells using 3D printing technology. The formation of 3D software helps in the development of novel drug delivery systems with drug screening potential, as well as 3D constructs of tumor models. Additionally, several complex structures of inner tissues like stroma and channels of different sizes are printed through 3D printing techniques. Three-dimensional printing technology could also be used to develop therapy training simulators for educational purposes so that learners can practice complex surgical procedures. The fabrication of implantable medical devices using 3D printing technology with less risk of infections is receiving increased attention recently. A Cancer-on-a-chip is a microfluidic device that recreates tumor physiology and allows for a continuous supply of nutrients or therapeutic compounds. In this review, based on the recent literature, we have discussed various printing methods for 3D printing and types of bio-inks, and provided information on how 3D printing plays a crucial role in cancer management.

/pdf/three-dimensional-3d-printing-in-cancer-therapy-and-hg3myy5e.pdf

Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing in Cancer Therapy and Diagnostics: Current Status and Future Perspectives

In recent years, tissue engineering has achieved significant advancements towards the repair of damaged tissues. Until this day, the vascularization of engineered tissues remains a challenge to the development of large-scale artificial tissue. Recent breakthroughs in biomaterials and three-dimensional (3D) printing have made it possible to manipulate two or more biomaterials with complementary mechanical and/or biological properties to create hybrid scaffolds that imitate natural tissues. Hydrogels have become essential biomaterials due to their tissue-like physical properties and their ability to include living cells and/or biological molecules. Furthermore, 3D printing, such as dispensing-based bioprinting, has progressed to the point where it can now be utilized to construct hybrid scaffolds with intricate structures. Current bioprinting approaches are still challenged by the need for the necessary biomimetic nano-resolution in combination with bioactive spatiotemporal signals. Moreover, the intricacies of multi-material bioprinting and hydrogel synthesis also pose a challenge to the construction of hybrid scaffolds. This manuscript presents a brief review of scaffold bioprinting to create vascularized tissues, covering the key features of vascular systems, scaffold-based bioprinting methods, and the materials and cell sources used. We will also present examples and discuss current limitations and potential future directions of the technology.

Bioprinting Scaffolds for Vascular Tissues and Tissue Vascularization

Extrusion-based bioprinting with a preprint cross-linking agent and an in situ cooling stage provides a versatile method for the fabrication of 3D structures for cell culture. We added varying amounts of calcium chloride as a precross-linker into native nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) hydrogel prior to 3D bioprinting to fabricate structurally stable multilayered constructs without the need for a separate cross-linking bath. To further enhance their stability, we bioprinted the multilayered structures onto an in situ temperature-controlled printing stage at 25, 0, and -10 °C. The extruded and subsequently freeze-dried volumetric constructs maintained their structures after being immersed into a cell culture medium. The ability to maintain the shape after immersion in cell media is an essential feature for the fabrication of stem cell-based artificial organs. We studied the viability and distribution of mouse embryonic fibroblast cells into the hydrogels using luminescence technique and confocal microscopy. Adding CaCl2 increased the stability of the multilayered nanocellulose structures, making them suitable for culturing cells inside the 3D hydrogel environment. Lower stage temperature considerably improved the structural stability of the 3D printed structures, however, had no effect on cell viability.

Extrusion-Based Bioprinting of Multilayered Nanocellulose Constructs for Cell Cultivation Using In Situ Freezing and Preprint CaCl2 Cross-Linking.

In this paper, we evaluated the impedance of textile electrodes for electroencephalography measurements. We compared the commercially available standard dry silver/silver chloride dry electrodes, copper-based, and silver-based textile electrodes by measuring impedance on the skin. First, on dry skin, the impedance range of the electrodes was 93–350 kΩ at 0 min; after 60 min, the range was 20–56 kΩ. The commercial electrode showed the lowest impedance of 20 kΩ, and the silver-based textile electrode showed the highest impedance of 56 kΩ in dry skin conditions after 60 min. When tap water was applied as an electrolyte, the impedance range was 13–15 kΩ at 0 min; after 60 min, the range was 17–22 kΩ for all three types of electrodes. In this case, the copper-based textile electrode showed the lowest impedance of 17 kΩ and the commercial electrode showed the highest impedance of 22 kΩ after 60 min. When saline water was applied as an electrolyte, at 0 min, the impedance range was 8–11 kΩ; after 60 min, the range became 11–12 kΩ for all three types of electrodes. Thus, all electrodes showed similar results. It was concluded that the copper-based textile electrodes were more suitable than the silver-based textile electrodes and comparable to commercial electrodes regarding impedance in all three skin conditions.

Impedance evaluation of textile electrodes for EEG measurements

Self-alignment method for solution-processable dielectric structures via joule heating

A Joule heating based self-alignment method for solution-processable insulator structures has been modeled for the passivation of metal grid lines, for example for organic light emitting diodes or photovoltaic cells. To minimize overhang of the passivation layer from line edges, we have studied the Joule heating approach using solution-processable, cross-linkable polymer insulator films. Finite element simulations were performed to investigate the heating of the sample using glass and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) substrates. The sample was at room temperature and the current was selected to induce a temperature of 410 K at the conductor. It was found that the selection of substrate material is crucial for the localization of cross-linking. For a PET substrate, the temperature gradient at the edge of the conductor is approximately twice the gradient for glass. As a result, using a glass substrate demands high selectivity from the polymer cross-linking, thus making PET a more suitable substrate material for our application. A flexible PET substrate is, in addition, compatible with roll-to-roll mass-manufacturing processes.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S1946427414001274

Modelling of Joule heating based self-alignment method for metal grid line passivation

Nanocellulose is a promising new renewable and low-cost nanomaterial which has potential applications in many different fields from biomedical to electronic applications. Here, we report the fabricated aerogels from aqueous CNF and CNC dispersions using freeze-drying technique and analysis of their structural analysis using different microscopic techniques. Also, we report the development of dispenser for aqueous nanocellulose solutions to be installed into 3D-printer system.

Fabrication and characterization of nanocellulose aerogel structures

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