DIRECTION DETERMINATION The three degrees of freedom, latitude, longitude, and elevation (or equivalents), constitute a rectangular coordinate system (neglecting earth curvature effects), and clearly determination of the orientations of the axes is important. The vertical direction is usually defined by means of a level or plumb line. Horizontal orientation can be determined with respect to the position of a celestial body, the Earth's rotation, magnetic north, or a previously known orientation. Although the most obvious celestial orientation is by sighting on Polaris (which is not exactly at the celestial pole), any star can be used. Sighting on the Sun ( sun shots ) permits orientation during daylight. Nightime observations can establish orientation to a fraction of an arc second (arcsec). Gyrocompass orientation is extensively used in marine and airborne surveys. A gyrocompass gives orientation with respect to true north within about 20 arcsec. A magnetic compass is often used to determine direction with respect to magnetic north, correction for the magnetic declination giving true north. Diurnal variations may create 10 min of error, more during magnetic storms. Care has to be exercised that no local iron or electric currents distort the magnetic field. Benchmarks (identified points of known location) often have nearby reference points (azimuth bars) that can be used to establish orientation. DISTANCE MEASUREMENT Direct measurement of distance is done by seeing how many times a standard measure will fit between points whose separation is to be determined, a technique called chaining , the unit of measure usually being a steel tape (a chain ) of precise length.

Applied Geophysics: Appendix B. Location Determination

Human intervention has resulted in a number of global and river syndromes that are mirrored by coastal syndromes caused by erosion, subsidence, salinization of aquifers, urbanization, eutrophication, invasive species and over exploitation of natural resources. These problems are now global, with few coastal zones remaining unaffected and pristine. However, the problems are particularly severe at “hotspots” in the coastal zone. These include river-mouth systems where fluxes of water, sediment, fertilizers and contaminants are focused; urbanized coasts and megacities where vulnerable populations are concentrated; Arctic coasts where the effects of climate change are accelerating a fundamental state change; and, at low lying coasts that are at risk of flooding, storm surges, sea-level rise and subsidence such as Micronesian island states where managed realignment and setback is not an option. A range of societal responses and appropriate governance frameworks will be necessary to treat the coastal syndromes.

The coastal syndromes and hotspots on the coast

Integrated tools for improving the resilience of seaports under extreme wind events

The influence of anthropic actions on the evolution of an urban beach: Case study of Marineta Cassiana beach, Spain.

https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-03197625/document

150 years of foredune initiation and evolution driven by human and natural processes

Geographic Information Systems applied to Integrated Coastal Zone Management

The objective of the study is to examine the eating behavior disorders that the COVID-19 confinement crisis has generated in university students during the years 2020-2021. It is a quantitative approach study of explanatory scope with 163 students from the Technical University of Machala (Ecuador). It was found that the obsession with thinness (DT) subscale was the one with the most participants who met the remission criteria (50.9%), resulting concerning that so many participants are obsessed with thinness.

/pdf/alteracion-de-la-conducta-alimentaria-durante-la-pandemia-1tzhlq15.pdf

Alteración de la conducta alimentaria durante la pandemia generada por el COVID-19

The accident and sink of the tank ship Prestige, that occurred offshore of the Galicia coast (northwest Spain) on November 2002, caused a large oil spill with important ecological and economic consequences for the Galician and Cantabrian littoral. Different data sets obtained through monitoring of the oil spill by over flight observation, satellite data, measurements from buoys and modelling of oceanic parameters (e.g. temperature, salinity, density, pH, fluorescence, dissolved oxygen) have been integrated into a Geographic Information System (GIS) for their access and study. The use of this GIS will allow the civil authorities and the scientific community to manage and to generate thematic cartography and to perform spatial and geostatistical analysis of the data in order to better analyze these marine pollution scenarios.

Prestige Marine Pollution: A GIS Tool

1. Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, ESCET. C/ Tulipan s/n; 28933 Mostoles, Madrid 2. Universidad de Cadiz, Facultad de CC del Mar y Ambientales. Avda. Republica Arabe Saharaui s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz 3. Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, E.U.I.T. Obras Publicas. C/ Alfonso XII, 3 y 5, 28014 Madrid 4. Demarcacion de Costas Andalucia-Atlantico. C/ Marianista Cubillo, 11071 Cadiz. 5. Universidad de Barcelona, Facultad de Geologia. Marti Franques, s/n; 08028, Barcelona

/pdf/analisis-de-las-formaciones-dunares-activas-de-la-flecha-del-3vdztw8zzw.pdf

Análisis de las formaciones dunares activas de la flecha del Fangar (Delta del Ebro)

The increasing amount of people that every year visits the coastal areas makes necessary to carry out a detailed analysis of all the processes that occur in these areas, in order to avoid the damages that the natural processes can cause.

Geohazards and Geographic Information in the Coast of Tarragona (Spain)

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