Publisher Summary The chapter presents a discussion on both rhizosphere and rhizoplane. Rhizosphere is defined as the soil adjacent to roots with a different physical, chemical, and biological environment from the bulk soil. The rhizoplane is defined as the actual root surface or soil interface. The chapter describes plant responses, the nature and dynamics of rhizosphere populations and their determinants, the management of the plant, and management of microorganisms. The chapter also explores the impact of soil conditions and agronomic practices on the rhizoshere microflora and suggests areas that require more study in order to achieve effective management. The chapter also illustrates different methods that are used by agronomists, plant pathologists, and microbiologists in order to modify the rhizosphere. In most cases, when microbiologists and plant pathologists needs to change the rhizosphere in order to improve plant growth they often think in terms of introducing microorganisms that possess the desired characteristics, be they antibiotic or siderophore production, or the ability to stimulate plant growth.

The rhizosphere and its management to improve plant growth

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Documentation of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 13 Distribution of B,~~cly~~l i i~oDi~~rri groups in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 13 Effects of bacterial and plant genotype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 14 Soil properties and levels of indigenous bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 15 Other factors in the field environment that may affect survival and (or) infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 15 Approaches to controlling infection in the field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 16 Use of high inoculant doses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 16 Use of bacteriocidal agents in conjunction with resistant strains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 16 Inoculant formulation or placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 16 Modification or selection of host genotype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 16 Modification or selection of bacterial genotype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 17 Potential problems confronting researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 17 Genetic diversity of rhizobial soil residents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 17 Prediction of field dominance by studies of "competitiveness" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 17 Antibiotic-resistant ibolates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 18 Sampling of field populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 18 Summary and prospects for the future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 18 Key worcls: competitiveness, nitrogen fixation, rhizobial ecology, Blncl~rliizobi~~rri.

Failure of inoculant rhizobia to overcome the dominance of indigenous strains for nodule formation

Inoculation dose affects the efficacy of bacterial inoculants applied in agriculture. Effects of the co-inoculation dose of two plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains, Serratia proteamaculans 1-102 and S. liquefaciens 2-68, with Bradyrhizobium japonicum on soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation were investigated under controlled root zone temperatures (RZTs; 25, 20 and 15 °C) in soil-less media. The results showed that the effective dose range for both PGPR strains is 10 7 –10 9 and their optimal co-inoculation dose was 1×10 8 cells per seedling. This was not affected by RZT. The co-inoculation of PGPR at their optimal dose increased nodule number, plant dry weight and fixed nitrogen. Nitrogen fixation efficiency was also improved by the co-inoculations. Use of nodulation dynamic linear models made the quantitative description of the nodulation process possible. The calculated dynamic parameters revealed that PGPR co-inoculation shortened the nodule initiation time and increased the nodulation rate.

Co-inoculation dose and root zone temperature for plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] grown in soil-less media ☆

Pseudomonas syringae inocula containing cell concentrations ranging from 105 to 109 cells per ml were applied to the primary leaves of bean plants. The plants were incubated under conditions of high temperature and illumination and low relative humidity. Bacterial mortality rates and the proportional population decline of the inoculum were lowest at the highest inoculum concentrations. Addition of a high concentration of heat-killed cells to the inoculum containing a low concentration of viable cells significantly reduced both the mortality rate and the proportional population decline of the viable cells. The mechanisms underlying this density-dependent mortality may include cooperative protective effects of extracellular factors, such as bacterial extracellular polysaccharides, and physical protection by neighboring cells. Although epiphytic populations derived from inoculum concentrations of 108 or 109 cells per ml tended toward 106 CFU/g, the presumed carrying capacity of the leaf, populations derived from lower inoculum concentrations never achieved this carrying capacity. Assuming that epiphytic populations of P. syringae reside in discrete protected sites, our results suggest that at low inoculum concentrations, following a period of environmental stress, the number of viable cells may have dropped to zero in some sites; hence, the carrying capacity of the leaf could not be achieved.

Inoculum Density-Dependent Mortality and Colonization of the Phyllosphere by Pseudomonas syringae.

Can dispersal be leveraged to improve microbial inoculant success?

A series of greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to evaluate aqueous in-furrow spray techniques for inoculating crop plants with cell suspensions of rhizosphere-competent root-colonizing...

In-furrow spray as a delivery system for plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and other rhizosphere-competent bacteria

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In-furrow spray as a delivery system for plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and other rhizosphere-competent bacteria