Nano-biofertilizers as bio-emerging strategies for sustainable agriculture development: Potentiality and their limitations.

Controlling biofilms using synthetic biology approaches

Microalgae have been identified to produce a plethora of bioactive compounds exerting growth stimulating effects on plants. The objective of this study was to investigate the plant-growth-promoting effects of three selected strains of eukaryotic green microalgae. The biostimulatory effects of two Chlorella species (MACC-360 and MACC-38) and a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strain (cc124) were investigated in a Medicago truncatula model plant grown under controlled greenhouse conditions. The physiological responses of the M. truncatula A17 ecotype to algal biomass addition were characterized thoroughly. The plants were cultivated in pots containing a mixture of vermiculite and soil (1:3) layered with clay at the bottom. The application of live algae cells using the soil drench method significantly increased the plants’ shoot length, leaf size, fresh weight, number of flowers and pigment content. For most of the parameters analyzed, the effects of treatment proved to be specific for the applied algae strains. Overall, Chlorella application led to more robust plants with increased fresh biomass, bigger leaves and more flowers/pods compared to the control and Chlamydomonas-treated samples receiving identical total nutrients.

https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/6/1060/pdf

Strain-Specific Biostimulant Effects of Chlorella and Chlamydomonas Green Microalgae on Medicago truncatula .

In the past 50 years, expensive and noxious chemical fertilizers have played a fortified role in boosting agricultural productivity but have also greatly influenced soil health due to toxic residual effect. In India, the accessibility and affordability of chemical fertilizers to farmers have been guaranteed only through imports and subsidies which are chiefly based on fossil fuel and are reliant on GDP of the country. To revive and renew the soil health and productivity, the focus is shifting toward biofertilizers to reduce the dependence on chemical fertilizers. The problem faced with the use of conventional carrier-based biofertilizers stepped into new vistas to advance microbial formulation technology. The poor acceptance of bio-products by the farmer community is due to several reasons, the major one being the viability of the microorganism. The selection of inoculant strains adaptive to environmental stresses through providing growth conditions and formulations need to be reexamined. An effective and regulatory quality check needs to be associated with bacterial inoculants. Release of nonpathogenic microbes as biofertilizer in agroecosystem is another major issue to prevent the contamination in food chain. State and central government agencies are serious in popularizing biofertilizers as well as their availability to the farmers as products with enhanced shelf life.

Microbial bioformulations: Revisiting role in sustainable agriculture

With ever-increasing population of the world, which has now reached 7.75 billion, it has become a major challenge for world to meet the sustainable development goal (SDG) of zero hunger via meeting demand for food, feed, and other agricultural products especially in developing countries. Therefore, improving and sustaining agricultural crops yield without posing negative impact on environment should be the ultimate goal to meet food and nutritional requirement around the world. Application of chemical fertilizers although has increased the crop productivity but simultaneously has posed serious threat to human and environmental health. Therefore, biofertilizers from microorganisms have potential to replace these chemical fertilizers in sustaining agricultural productivity and maintaining environmental health. Moreover biofertilizers are easy to use and less expensive than chemical fertilizers. Biofertilizers includes one or more beneficial microbes that facilitate better nutrient uptake, greater production of growth hormone and beneficial phytochemicals in crops leading to higher quantity as well quality crop production. Nitrogen-fixing microbes, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), sulfur-solubilizing bacteria (SSB), potassium-solubilizing bacteria (KSB), and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) etc. are already being utilized in combination for making biofertilizers formulations for enhancing crop production but on small scale. Thus, large scale exploitation of agriculturally important microbes for sustaining agricultural productivity is the need of the hour. This chapter highlights the types, quality control measures, inoculation techniques of microbial biofertilizers; their role in sustaining agricultural productionand challenges as well as ways forward to promote the use of biofertilizers in order to achieve sustainable agricultural production to meet out the SDG of zero hunger.

Microbial biofertilizer: Types, applications, and current challenges for sustainable agricultural production

The pressure due to global population increase and rising environmental damage has the unfortunate consequence that world food production may shortly become inadequate to feed all the mouths of the world. It is therefore indispensable that agricultural productivity be significantly improved within next couple of decades. To achieve this, agricultural practices are approached in a more sustainable and eco-friendly manner. Further, the substantial use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in conventional farming has led to the accumulation of harmful chemical remnants and heavy metals in the environment leading to degradation of agroecosystem and incidence of unpredictable chronic diseases in human. Therefore, biofilmed biofertilizers (BFBFs) have become a viable alternative for chemical fertilizers in agriculture. BFBFs, in addition to their fertilizing task, accomplish a variety of processes such as reinstating agroecosystem, maintaining regulated metabolic and biochemical processes, improving soil quality, suppression of pests and diseases, amelioration of plants from stress and synthesis of plant hormones. The consortia of microbes in BFBFs add an array of benefits together for the soil-plant system to support plant growth and development thereby to enhance the yield. Moreover, BFBF itself is a sustainable system which can ensure the sustainability of agroecosystem. Therefore, the use of BFBFs in agriculture would lead to a more eco-friendly approach in crop production with many health, environmental and economic benefits.

Biofilmed Biofertilizer for Sustainable Agriculture

http://ir.lib.seu.ac.lk/bitstream/123456789/5821/1/1-s2.0-S2215016121001771-main.pdf

An improved method for efficient recovery of high quality DNA from date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L; Arecaceae).

Plant parasitic nematodes are responsible for causing significant damages to various commercial crops. At present, several management strategies are applied such as biological, chemical, organic, cultural, nanobiotechnology to control pathogenic nematodes. Use of nematicides of chemical origin are although effective, on another hand it causes environmental perturbations. The emerging of two novel techniques, nanotechnology and biotechnology has resolved many concerns that prevail with the traditional strategies of nematode managements in plants and environment. Nanotechnology based agricultural systems have developed with a worthy scope to manage phytonematodes using drug-carrier and a controllable drug targeting and releasing system as it can enhance the quality of life and world’s economy. Through advancement in nanotechnology, there are a number of state of-the-art techniques available including applications of several types of nanoparticles as protectants and carriers in the form of ‘nanonematicide’. Several pathogenic phytonematodes are very effectively managed with the means of nanotechnology. Genetic engineering have evolved as a promising field in the management of plant pathogenic nematodes by the means of gene cloning and gene modification of host plants. Various transgenics plants have been developed so far against plant pathogenic nematodes. The key objective of the genetic manipulation would be to control all possible physiological and biological activities of nematode due to the counter effect of host plants by possessing resistance gene/s on the basis of gene for gene concept. There are several proteinase inhibitors genes which have been identified and transferred into host plants to create resistance against pathogenic nematodes. Nematicidal proteins are also considered as “anti-nematode proteins” can directly inhibit the multiplication of pathogenic nematodes. Protein from Bacillus thuringiensis, lectins and some antibodies are regarded as nematicidal proteins. Similarly, other house-keeping genes have been manipulated through RNA interference technique. There are many benefits from the integration of both disciplines i.e. nanotechnology and biotechnology for the management of pathogenic nematodes. Some important issues are yet to be addressed which needs proper and extensive research

Nanobiotechnology-Driven Management of Phytonematodes

Total agricultural land of the globe becomes insufficient due to the progressive nature of primary and secondary salinity. High salt content in the irrigation water or soil is a serious restriction factor to the cultivation of many crops. Salinity has significant influence in maintaining the balance nature of osmosis, the availability of water and nutrients, and the formation of free radicals in plant. The consequence of these factors causes undesirable effect on photosynthesis, growth, and development of numerous economically important plants. This review evaluates the management practices or strategies based on the combination of approaches through management of soil-borne pathogens, root-zone salinity management, quality irrigation, and cultural practices to accelerate the removal of salts and cultivation of salt-tolerant plants. Root-zone salinity is mainly controlled by different irrigation systems and leaching and by the use of appropriate plants to maintain the water table. There is a diverse strategy that can be applied through quality irrigation and cultural practices. Different modes of irrigation, tillage, and bio-drainage, addition of organic matters and gypsum, and application of sulfur are some of them. However, growing salt-tolerant plants along with the traditional methods of managing the saline environment take a momentum to reduce the effect of high salinity. Genetic engineering approach through the deep understanding of physiological response of plants to salinity would augment the identification of potential gens for developing transgenic plants. Application of microbes, organic matters, and green remediation also has proved the improvement of plant health and productivity under salinity and biotic stress. These management strategies provide an insight to the effective crop production under saline environment.

Strategies for the management of soil-borne pathogens and crop production under saline environment

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Biofilmed Biofertilizer for Sustainable Agriculture

An improved method for efficient recovery of high quality DNA from date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L; Arecaceae).

Nanobiotechnology-Driven Management of Phytonematodes

Strategies for the management of soil-borne pathogens and crop production under saline environment