Houttuynia Cordata Thunb. (H. cordata; Saururaceae) is a medicine food homology plant that is grown in many Asian countries. Its main phytochemical constituents are volatile oils, flavonoids, polysaccharides and alkaloids. It has considerable clinical applications and health benefits. This paper reviews the existing literatures and patents, summarizes the phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, safety and economic botanical applications of H. cordata, and provides a reference for systematic study of the pharmacological effects of H. cordata, improvement of quality standards and further development of its medicinal resources. A comprehensive search of literature and patents on H. cordata and its active ingredients published before June 2023 was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and China Knowledge Network. H. cordata is not only edible and medicinal but also used in various aspects of daily life such as fermented beverages, nutraceuticals, feed and cosmetics. The main phytochemical constituents of H. cordata are volatile oils, flavonoids, organic acids and alkaloids. Several in vitro and in vivo studies and clinical trials have found that H. cordata extracts possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antibacterial, hepatoprotective and renal, immunomodulatory and potent antiviral effects. The mechanisms of expression of these pharmacological effects are related to the blood-brain barrier, lipophilicity, cAMP signaling and skin permeability, including blocking the MAPK signaling pathway, inhibiting the secretion of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α and IL-1β, and activating the AMPK pathway. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the progress of research on the traditional applications, botany, chemical composition, pharmacological effects and safety of H. cordata and discusses for the first time the economic botanical aspects, which were not explored in the previous reviews. H. cordata has a wide range of bioactive substances whose therapeutic potential has not been fully exploited, and it could provide a new non-toxic approach to many diseases. This traditional medicinal food plant should receive more attention and in-depth research in the future. 

Houttuynia Cordata Thunb.: A comprehensive review of traditional applications, phytochemistry, pharmacology and safety

The role of insect gut microbiota in host fitness, detoxification and nutrient supplementation

Abstract Industrial activities often generate by-products that are difficult to degrade, harmful to the environment and, toxic to most of the life forms on earth. Heavy metals are toxic elements that usually present in industrial effluents whose effective management in an eco-friendly manner is important. The treatment of metal-contaminated water through the conventional method of precipitation, ion exchange, electrochemical and reverse osmosis is costly and also likely to generate secondary pollutants. In this review study, we focus on the advantage of bacterial bioremediation to deal with metal toxicity. Bacterial bioremediation offers an eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative for treatment of metal contaminated industrial effluent. Bacteria are considered one of the important microbial systems to be employed for bioremediation purposes. Bacteria utilize the mechanisms of biosorption and bioaccumulation which involve ATP-dependent substrate specific sequestration to remediate the contaminants through redox reactions and enzyme-transformation methods. Bacterial cell wall offers potential chemisorption sites for binding and transportation of metal ion to the bacterial cytoplasm. The potential of bacterial bioremediation can be improved by adopting strategies, providing favorable environment, and using stress adapted strains consisting high metabolic activity, metal selectivity, membrane transport system, efficient biocatalytic and chaperone production ability. The bioremediation efficiency of bacteria is expected to improve many folds through the techniques of genetic modifications involving mutation, plasmid exchange and transposons etc. This study may throw light on the detailed mechanism and strategies adapted by bacteria for the bioremediation of toxic heavy metal ions and open a new way to handle metal toxicity efficiently. HIGHLIGHTS Heavy metal toxicity is a global issue that requires effective treatment. Physical and Chemical methods are least effective and costly to detoxify heavy metals. Toxic metal ions can be removed from the environment using a variety of chemical and physical techniques, but these techniques haven’t been proven to be good or effective ways to treat heavy metals. The removal of toxic pollutant from atmosphere through biological system without creating any secondary pollutant is known as bioremediation. Bioremediation is a new approach that might be found cost-effective and efficient for the metal treatment.

Bioremediation strategies and mechanisms of bacteria for resistance against heavy metals: a review

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex group of chronic intestinal diseases, the cause of which has not yet been clarified, but it is widely believed that the disorder of the intestinal microenvironment and its related functional changes are key factors in the development of the disease. Houttuynia cordata thunb. is a traditional plant with abundant resources and long history of utilization in China, which has attracted widespread attention in recent years due to its potential in the treatment of IBD. However, its development and utilization are limited owing to the aristolochic acid alkaloids contained in it. Therefore, based on the relationship between the intestinal microenvironment and IBD, this article summarizes the potential mechanisms by which the main active ingredients of Houttuynia cordata thunb., such as volatile oils, polysaccharides, and flavonoids, and related traditional Chinese medicine preparations, such as Xiezhuo Jiedu Formula, alleviate IBD by regulating the intestinal microenvironment. At the same time, combined with current reports, the medicinal and edible safety of Houttuynia cordata thunb. is explained for providing ideas for further research and development of Houttuynia chordate thunb. in IBD disease, more treatment options for IBD patients, and more insights into the therapeutic potential of plants with homology of medicine and food in intestinal diseases, and even more diseases.

Houttuynia cordata thunb. alleviates inflammatory bowel disease by modulating intestinal microenvironment: a research review

Quercetin attenuates Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced acute lung inflammation by inhibiting PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND
Sodium new houttuyfonate (SNH) is an adduct of houttuyfonate, which is the main component of the common Chinese medicinal plant Houttuynia cordata. SNH has been widely used in antibacterial and anti-inflammatory treatments in clinics. However, the exact antimicrobial mechanism of SNH is still unclear, despite its mild direct antimicrobial activity in vitro.


OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study is to investigate the effect and possible mechanism of SNH on macrophages against bacteria in vitro.


METHODS
In this study, we assessed the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of SNH on the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a major opportunistic pathogen.


RESULTS
Firstly, we found that SNH showed minimal toxicity on RAW264.7 macrophages. Secondly, our results indicated that SNH effectively inhibited the inflammatory reaction of macrophages stimulated by P. aeruginosa. We also found that SNH improved the phagocytosis and killing effect of RAW264.7 macrophages against P. aeruginosa in vitro. Furthermore, our results revealed that SNH effectively inhibited the expression of the TLR4/NF-кB pathway in macrophage RAW264.7 co-incubated with P. aeruginosa in vitro.


CONCLUSION
Based on our findings, SNH can significantly improve the phagocytosis of macrophages and inhibit the excessive release of inflammatory factors by repressing the TLR4/NF-кB pathway.

Sodium New Houttuyfonate Effectively Improves Phagocytosis And Inhibits the Excessive Release of Inflammatory Factors By Repressing TLR4/NF-Кb Pathway in Macrophages.

A facultative exoelectrogen, Cellulomonas fimi strain Clb-11, was isolated from polluted river water. This strain could generate electricity in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as the carbon source, and the maximum output power density was 12.17 ± 2.74 mW·m−2. In addition, Clb-11 could secrete extracellular chromate reductase or extracellular electron mediator to reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III). When the Cr(VI) concentration was less than 0.5 mM in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium, Cr(VI) could be completely reduced by Clb-11. However, the Clb-11 cells swelled significantly in the presence of Cr(VI). We employed transcriptome sequencing analysis to identify genes involved in different Cr(VI) stress responses in Clb-11. The results indicate that 99 genes were continuously upregulated while 78 genes were continuously downregulated as the Cr(VI) concentration increased in the growth medium. These genes were mostly associated with DNA replication and repair, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, ABC transporters, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, and carbon metabolism. The swelling of Clb-11 cells might have been related to the upregulation of the genes atoB, INO1, dhaM, dhal, dhak, and bccA, which encode acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase, myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase, phosphoenolpyruvate-glycerone phosphotransferase, and acetyl-CoA/propionyl-CoA carboxylase, respectively. Interestingly, the genes cydA and cydB related to electron transport were continuously downregulated as the Cr(VI) concentration increased. Our results provide clues to the molecular mechanism of Cr(VI) reduction by microorganisms in MFCs systems.

/pdf/physiological-and-transcriptional-studies-reveal-cr-vi-7xc3kh62.pdf

Physiological and transcriptional studies reveal Cr(VI) reduction mechanisms in the exoelectrogen Cellulomonas fimi Clb-11

Apriona swainsoni is a vital forest pest prevalent in China. The larvae of A. swainsoni live solely in the branches of trees and rely entirely on the xylem for nutrition. However, there is still a lack of in-depth research on the gut microbiota’s use of almost nitrogen-free wood components to provide bio-organic macromolecular components needed for their growth. Thus, in this study, the metagenome, metaproteome, and metabolome of the A. swainsoni larvae in four gut segments (foregut; midgut; anterior hindgut; posterior hindgut) were analyzed by the multi-omics combined technology, to explore the metabolic utilization mechanism of the corresponding gut microbiota of A. swainsoni. Firstly, we found that the metagenome of different gut segments was not significantly different in general, but there were different combinations of dominant bacteria and genes in different gut segments, and the metaproteome and metabolome of four gut segments were significantly different in general. Secondly, the multi-omics results showed that there were significant gradient differences in the contents of cellulose and hemicellulose in different segments of A. swainsoni, and the expression of corresponding metabolic proteins was the highest in the midgut, suggesting the metabolic characteristics of these lignocellulose components in A. swainsoni gut segments. Finally, we found that the C/N ratio of woody food was significantly lower than that of frass, and metagenomic results showed that nitrogen fixation genes mainly existed in the foregut and two hindgut segments. The expression of the key nitrogen fixing gene nifH occurred in two hindgut parts, indicating the feature of nitrogen fixation of A. swainsoni. In conclusion, our results provide direct evidence that the larvae of A. swainsoni can adapt to the relatively harsh niche conditions through the highly organized gut microbiome in four gut segments, and may play a major role in their growth.

Gut microbiota contributes to lignocellulose deconstruction and nitrogen fixation of the larva of Apriona swainsoni

Introduction Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major nosocomial pathogen that frequently causes ventilator-associated pneumonia in specific populations. Sodium houttuyfonate (SH) has shown mild antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa in vitro, but the mechanism of potent antimicrobial activity of SH against P. aeruginosa infection in vivo remains unclear. Methods Here, using the mouse pneumonia model induced by P. aeruginosa nasal drip to explore the therapeutic effects of SH. Results We found that SH exhibits dose-dependent therapeutic effects of reducing P. aeruginosa burden and systemic inflammation in pneumonia mice. SH ameliorates inflammatory gene expression and production of inflammatory proteins, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), associated with the TLR4/NF-κB pathway in mice with P. aeruginosa pneumonia. Furthermore, we analyzed the intestinal flora of mice and found that compared with the model group, the abundance and diversity of beneficial bacterial flora of SH treatment groups increased significantly, suggesting that SH can improve the intestinal flora disorder caused by inflammation. In addition, SH improves alpha and beta diversity index and reduces species abundance differences of intestinal flora in pneumonia mice. Discussion Taken together, our presented results indicate that SH may effectively alleviate the acute pulmonary infection induced by P. aeruginosa by reducing the disturbance of regulating immunity and intestinal flora in mice.

/pdf/sodium-houttuyfonate-effectively-treats-acute-pulmonary-13l22v90.pdf

Sodium houttuyfonate effectively treats acute pulmonary infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by affecting immunity and intestinal flora in mice

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Sodium New Houttuyfonate Effectively Improves Phagocytosis And Inhibits the Excessive Release of Inflammatory Factors By Repressing TLR4/NF-Кb Pathway in Macrophages.

Physiological and transcriptional studies reveal Cr(VI) reduction mechanisms in the exoelectrogen Cellulomonas fimi Clb-11

Gut microbiota contributes to lignocellulose deconstruction and nitrogen fixation of the larva of Apriona swainsoni

Sodium houttuyfonate effectively treats acute pulmonary infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by affecting immunity and intestinal flora in mice