Dielectric Barrier Discharges (DBDs) are plasmas generated in configurations with an insulating (dielectric) material between the electrodes which is responsible for a self-pulsing operation. DBDs are a typical example of nonthermal atmospheric or normal pressure gas discharges. Initially used for the generation of ozone, they have opened up many other fields of application. Therefore DBDs are a relevant tool in current plasma technology as well as an object for fundamental studies. Another motivation for further research is the fact, that so-called partial discharges in insulated high voltage systems are special types of DBDs. The breakdown processes, the formation of structures, and the role of surface processes are currently under investigation. This review is intended to give an update to the already existing literature on DBDs considering the research and development within the last two decades. The main principles and different modes of discharge generation are summarized. A collection of known as well as special electrode configurations and reactor designs will be presented. This shall demonstrate the different and broad possibilities, but also the similarities and common aspects of devices for different fields of applications explored within the last years. The main part is devoted to the progress on the investigation of different aspects of breakdown and plasma formation with the focus on single filaments or microdischarges. This includes a summary of the current knowledge on the electrical characterization of filamentary DBDs. In particular, the recent new insights on the elementary volume and surface memory mechanisms in these discharges will be discussed. An outlook for the forthcoming challenges on research and development will be given. Page 1 of 47 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT PSST-101368.R1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 A cc ep e M nu sc rip t Progress on DBD Sources and Filaments 2

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Dielectric barrier discharges: progress on plasma sources and on the understanding of regimes and single filaments

Thanks to their portability and the non-equilibrium character of the discharges, microplasmas are finding application in many scientific disciplines. Although microplasma research has traditionally been application driven, microplasmas represent a new realm in plasma physics that still is not fully understood. This paper reviews existing microplasma sources and discusses charged particle kinetics in various microdischarges. The non-equilibrium character highlighted in this manuscript raises concerns about the accuracy of fluid models and should trigger further kinetic studies of high-pressure microdischarges. Finally, an outlook is presented on the biomedical application of microplasmas.

Microplasmas: sources, particle kinetics, and biomedical applications

Cold Atmospheric Plasma is an ionized gas that has recently been extensively studied by researchers as a possible therapy in dentistry and oncology. Several different gases can be used to produce Cold Atmospheric Plasma such as Helium, Argon, Nitrogen, Heliox, and air. There are many methods of production by which cold atmospheric plasma is created. Each unique method can be used in different biomedical areas. In dentistry, researchers have mostly investigated the antimicrobial effects produced by plasma as a means to remove dental biofilms and eradicate oral pathogens. It has been shown that reactive oxidative species, charged particles, and UV photons play the main role. Cold Atmospheric Plasma has also found a minor, but important role in tooth whitening and composite restoration. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that Cold Atmospheric Plasma induces apoptosis, necrosis, cell detachment, and senescence by disrupting the S phase of cell replication in tumor cells. This unique finding opens up its potential therapy in oncology.

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Cold Atmospheric Plasma: methods of production and application in dentistry and oncology

This paper comprises two main parts: a review of the literature on atmospheric-pressure discharges used for micro-organism inactivation, focused on the inactivation mechanisms, and a presentation of our research results showing, in particular, that UV photons can be the dominant species in the inactivation process.The possibility of achieving spore inactivation through UV radiation using an atmospheric-pressure discharge or its flowing afterglow is the object of a continuing controversy. In fact, the review of the literature that we present shows that a majority of researchers have come to the conclusion that, at atmospheric pressure, chemically reactive species such as free radicals, metastable atoms and molecules always control the inactivation process, while UV photons play only a minor role or no role at all. In contrast, only a few articles suggest or claim that UV photons coming from atmospheric-pressure discharges can, in some cases, inactivate micro-organisms, but the experimental data presented and the supporting arguments brought forward in that respect are relatively incomplete.Using a dielectric-barrier discharge operated at atmospheric pressure in an N2–N2O mixture, we present, for the first time, experiments where micro-organisms are subjected to plasma conditions such that, on the one hand, UV radiation is strong or, on the other hand, there is no UV radiation, the two different situations being obtained with the same experimental arrangement, including the same gas mixture, N2–N2O. To achieve maximum UV radiation, the concentration of the oxidant molecule (N2O) added to N2 needs to be tuned carefully, resulting then in the fastest inactivation rate. The concentration range of the oxidant molecule in the mixture for which the UV intensity is significant is extremely narrow, a fact that possibly explains why such a mode of plasma sterilization was not readily observed. The survival curves obtained under dominant UV radiation conditions are, as we show, akin to those recorded at reduced pressure. Relatively fast spore inactivation can also be obtained under no UV radiation as a result of radicals diffusing deeply inside the spores, leading to oxidative lethal damage.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0022-3727/39/16/S07/pdf

Bacterial spore inactivation by atmospheric-pressure plasmas in the presence or absence of UV photons as obtained with the same gas mixture

This review summarizes the state of the art of plasma diagnostics on atmospheric pressure plasmas formed at characteristic length scales of approximately 1 mm or smaller and identifies challenges and prospects Both plasmas generated in confined geometries, so-called microplasmas, as well as discharge filaments occurring in commonly filamentary plasmas, eg microdischarges in dielectric barrier discharges are covered In spite of the differences between microplasmas which often obtain a quasi steady-state and single microdischarges or filaments which are self-limited in space and time and thus intrinsically transient, both face very similar diagnostic challenges of which two are immediately apparent: the high collisionality which requires adaptations of standard plasmas diagnostics often developed for low-pressure plasmas, and the requirements on high spatial resolution due to the strong gradients in plasma properties The complexity of the plasma generation and the physical and chemical properties of the above-mentioned plasmas requires the knowledge of an extensive series of different parameters to obtain a full characterization As the results of the diagnostics are not always unambiguous and require a detailed understanding of plasma physics and chemistry, a summary of the main properties and pecularities of high-pressure plasmas is included in this review

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0022-3727/46/46/464001/pdf

Atmospheric pressure discharge filaments and microplasmas: Physics, chemistry and diagnostics

Nonthermal gas discharges at atmospheric pressure, such as dielectric barrier discharges are currently investigated for low-temperature packaging sterilization in order to reach the conditions required for aseptic food packaging. In particular, understanding the basic sterilization mechanisms and the enhancement of the main bacterial reduction pathways are the goals of our investigations. For this purpose, germ reduction experiments were carried out with Bacillus Subtilis and Aspergillus Niger spores using different gas mixtures and plasma conditions with the direct and the indirect influence of barrier discharges. In order to analyze the contribution of UV radiation during plasma germ deactivation, experiments with different excimer UV lamps, also driven by barrier discharges in special UV-emitting gas mixtures, have been carried out. Results of germ reduction experiments using barrier discharges and prospects for atmospheric discharge systems, suitable for industrial packaging sterilization, are presented in this paper.

Reduction of Bacillus Subtilis and Aspergillus Niger spores using nonthermal atmospheric gas discharges

We present a so-called cascaded dielectric barrier discharge (CDBD) set-up. Compared to standard single-gap discharge set-ups, the cascaded arrangement uses an additional UV-transparent dielectric to form two separated discharge gaps. These can interact electrically and by transmission of UV light. Investigation of plasma properties is done by emission spectroscopy and by measurement of the single filament charge transfer. Clear differences in CDBDs compared to single-gap discharge arrangements are demonstrated. The CDBD set-up shows a smaller single filament charge transfer if a UV-transparent dielectric is used and—for both gaps—we obtain a higher conversion efficiency in the UV range than for a single-gap discharge.

Single filament charge transfer and UV-emission properties of a cascaded dielectric barrier discharge (CDBD) set-up

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Reduction of Bacillus Subtilis and Aspergillus Niger spores using nonthermal atmospheric gas discharges

Single filament charge transfer and UV-emission properties of a cascaded dielectric barrier discharge (CDBD) set-up