Metabolites are important biomarkers in human body fluids, conveying direct information of cellular activities and physical conditions. Metabolite detection has long been a research hotspot in the field of biology and medicine. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), based on the molecular "fingerprint" of Raman spectrum and the enormous signal enhancement (down to a single-molecule level) by plasmonic nanomaterials, has proven to be a novel and powerful tool for metabolite detection. SERS provides favorable properties such as ultra-sensitive, label-free, rapid, specific, and non-destructive detection processes. In this review, we summarized the progress in recent 10 years on SERS-based sensing of endogenous metabolites at the cellular level, in tissues, and in biofluids, as well as drug metabolites in biofluids. We made detailed discussions on the challenges and optimization methods of SERS technique in metabolite detection. The combination of SERS with modern biomedical technology were also anticipated. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100205

Human metabolite detection by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

/pdf/recent-trends-in-sers-based-plasmonic-sensors-for-disease-26pgi1lu.pdf

Recent Trends in SERS-Based Plasmonic Sensors for Disease Diagnostics, Biomolecules Detection, and Machine Learning Techniques

/pdf/recent-advances-of-point-of-care-devices-integrated-with-39r0ogzt.pdf

Recent Advances of Point-of-Care Devices Integrated with Molecularly Imprinted Polymers-Based Biosensors: From Biomolecule Sensing Design to Intraoral Fluid Testing

Ninety-four years have passed since the discovery of the Raman effect, and there are currently more than 25 different types of Raman-based techniques. The past two decades have witnessed the blosso...

https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-anchem-091420-092323

The Role of Raman Spectroscopy Within Quantitative Metabolomics.

These days, cancer is thought to be more than just one illness, with several complex subtypes that require different screening approaches. These subtypes can be distinguished by the distinct markings left by metabolites, proteins, miRNA, and DNA. Personalized illness management may be possible if cancer is categorized according to its biomarkers. In order to stop cancer from spreading and posing a significant risk to patient survival, early detection and prompt treatment are essential. Traditional cancer screening techniques are tedious, time-consuming, and require expert personnel for analysis. This has led scientists to reevaluate screening methodologies and make use of emerging technologies to achieve better results. Using time and money saving techniques, these methodologies integrate the procedures from sample preparation to detection in small devices with high accuracy and sensitivity. With its proven potential for biomedical use, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has been widely used in biosensing applications, particularly in biomarker identification. Consideration was given especially to the potential of SERS as a portable clinical diagnostic tool. The approaches to SERS-based sensing technologies for both invasive and non-invasive samples are reviewed in this article, along with sample preparation techniques and obstacles. Aside from these significant constraints in the detection approach and techniques, the review also takes into account the complexity of biological fluids, the availability of biomarkers, and their sensitivity and selectivity, which are generally lowered. Massive ways to maintain sensing capabilities in clinical samples are being developed recently to get over this restriction. SERS is known to be a reliable diagnostic method for treatment judgments. Nonetheless, there is still room for advancement in terms of portability, creation of diagnostic apps, and interdisciplinary AI-based applications. Therefore, we will outline the current state of technological maturity for SERS-based cancer biomarker detection in this article. The review will meet the demand for reviewing various sample types (invasive and non-invasive) of cancer biomarkers and their detection using SERS. It will also shed light on the growing body of research on portable methods for clinical application and quick cancer detection. 

SERS sensing for cancer biomarker: Approaches and directions

Saliva could be an optimal sample for non-invasive cancer detection, as it contains plenty of proteins and metabolites which can reflect the health status of an individual. Moreover, pairing it with high-sensitivity, label-free detection techniques could prove successful for early cancer diagnosis. In this study, we explore the enhancement of salivary characteristic Raman bands by using label-free, ultrasensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) based on gold nanoparticles. SERS maps were acquired from dry samples of saliva supernatant mixed with Au colloidal nanoparticles, which was then pipetted on clean glass slides. The SERS spectra presented a high variability of signal intensities and frequency shifts. However, several reproducible SERS spectra showing well-resolved bands were obtained at certain locations on the maps, where Au nanoparticles clustered together during the air-drying. The healthy and oral cancer saliva could be differentiated using principal components analysis based on several SERS bands assigned mainly to amino acids and proteins. Moreover, thiocyanate Raman modes were detected in saliva samples of both smoking and non-smoking volunteers and cancer patients. The analysis indicated that the cancer group displayed an overall higher level of the 2126 cm−1 band area assigned to C–N stretching vibrations of thiocyanate.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) investigations of saliva for oral cancer diagnosis

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Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) investigations of saliva for oral cancer diagnosis