Anise is one of the plants with therapeutic potential, which is classified among the most important medicinal plants with interesting biological effects. Its components could be perceived so as “natural” and “safe” alternatives to antibiotics as well as they are applied in different industries such as food and cosmetic purposes. Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient, however, its importance to improve oil yield and quality of anise has not been adequately investigated, specifically under drought. Therefore, two successive seasons were conducted to investigate the effect of selenium foliar application upon anise plants under drought stress. Selenium was applied at three different concentrations (0.0 1.0 and 2.0 mM denoted Se0, Se1 and Se2, respectively) along with two levels of crop evapotranspiration (ET): Full irrigation, 100% of ET (FI) and 60% of ET (DI). The promotive effect of combinations of DI × Se1 or Se2 (for Fv/Fm, RWC%, and MSI% in the first season) and DI × Se2 (for Fv/Fm, and MSI% in the second season) were as similar as FI × Se2. Compared to the counterpart control treatment (DI × Se0), the highest increases in total free amino acids (31.5 and 31.6%), total soluble sugars (84.2 and 86.4%) and free proline content (84.2 and 86.4%) were recorded with application of DI × Se2 practice in both seasons, respectively. Under DI, Se2 recorded the maximum values of root length, shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight in the second season. Under drought, the increases in seed yield due to application of Se1 and Se2 amounted to 1.72 and 1.62 folds in the 1st season and 1.50 and 1.43 folds in 2nd one, respectively. The most effective practice for improving IWUE was Se1× DI in both seasons, followed by Se2 × DI. Based on the chromatographical detection, the maximum values of Anethole were recorded with FI × Se2 while L-Linalool has greatly increased with DI × Se2. In conclusion, the growers in arid and semi-arid zones are advised to use selenium (2.0 mM) in anise fertilization to mitigate the adverse impacts of drought, and keeping crop yield and quality.

Significance of selenium in ameliorating the effects of irrigation deficit via improving photosynthesis efficiency, cell integrity, osmo-protectants, and oil profile of anise crop

Sorghum is a major cereal food worldwide, and is considered a potential source of minerals and bioactive compounds. Its wide adaptive range may cause variations in its agronomic traits, antioxidant properties, and phytochemical content. This extensive study investigated variations in seed characteristics, antioxidant properties, and total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid contents (TFC) of sorghum collected from different ecological regions of 15 countries. The antioxidant potential of the seed extracts of various sorghum accessions was determined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS) radical scavenging assays. Significant variations in TPC were observed among the sorghum accessions. All 78 sorghum accessions used in this study exhibited significant variations in TFC, with the lowest and highest amount observed in accessions C465 and J542, respectively. DPPH scavenging potential of the seed extracts for all the accessions ranged from 11.91 ± 4.83 to 1343.90 ± 81.02 µg mL−1. The ABTS assay results were similar to those of DPPH but showed some differences in the accessions. Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed a wide variation range in the correlation between antioxidant activity and TPC, as well as TFC, among the sorghum accessions. A wide diversity range was also recorded for the seed characteristics (1000-seed weight and seed germination rate). A dendrogram generated from UPGMA clustering, based on seed traits, antioxidant activity, TPC, and TFC was highly dispersed for these accessions. Variations among the accessions may provide useful information regarding the phytoconstituents, antioxidant properties, and phytochemical contents of sorghum and aid in designing breeding programs to obtain sorghum with improved agronomic traits and bioactive properties.

Comparative Study on Seed Characteristics, Antioxidant Activity, and Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents in Accessions of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench

Tolerance to the pink snow mould resulting from Microdochium nivale infection is an essential trait of triticale (x Triticosecale) for winter survival. In the present study, we aimed to verify whether the presence and concentration of free and cell wall-bound phenolic acids are important factors in triticale responses to M. nivale infection. Based on 3 years’ testing of triticale tolerance, 2 out of 92 doubled haploid triticale lines derived from ‘Hewo’ × ‘Magnat’ F1 hybrid were selected, which are the most tolerant and the most sensitive to M. nivale infection. Plants were grown along with their parents under controlled conditions, pre-hardened and cold-hardened, while non-hardened plants served as the control. Hardened plants were covered with the artificial snow-imitating covers and inoculated with M. nivale mycelium, while the control plants were treated the same way except the infection. The aim of the study was to identify differences in the initial content and composition of phenolics under the influence of applied stresses. Conducted HPLC analysis showed that the most abundant were ferulic, rosmarinic, chlorogenic, sinapic, and trans-cinnamic acids. The contents of most of phenolics depended on genotype and growth conditions. Two cell wall-bound sinapic and trans-cinnamic acids, could be indicated as potentially related to the increased snow mould tolerance of winter triticale seedlings. A correlation between the total phenolic levels with the tolerance was not found; however, the proportion between the total levels of cell wall-bound and free phenolic compounds under low temperature could play a role prior to M. nivale infection.

/pdf/changes-in-phenolic-acid-abundance-involved-in-low-1ylcpioqk1.pdf

Changes in phenolic acid abundance involved in low temperature and Microdochium nivale (Samuels and Hallett) cross-tolerance in winter triticale ( x Triticosecale Wittmack)

Wheat stem rust causes by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici is a serious threat to wheat production all over the world. This study evaluated the efficacy of Bacillus subtilis, B. polymyxa and B. megaterium, Eugenol and leaf extract of Artemisia cina against the disease, and the involved mechanisms in disease resistance. B. subtilis and Eugenol treatments inhibited spore germination and increased incubation and latent periods than other treatments. Additionally, the lowest infection type, pustule length and pustule width, and receptivity (no. of pustules) were recorded in case of B. subtilis and Eugenol treatments compared with the check control. The best results in disease assessment were achieved by foliar spray application 24 h before and after inoculation. Abnormalities, lysis, collapse, and shrinking of urediniospores were recorded in treated leaves. The activities of antioxidant defense enzymes, i.e., catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), and polyphenoloxidase (PPO), were significantly increased in B. subtilis and Eugenol treatments. On the other hand, electrolyte leakage was decreased. The active compounds in B. subtilis were revealed by utilizing GC-MS analysis.

/pdf/a-case-study-of-non-traditional-treatments-for-the-control-23v504zg22.pdf

A case study of non-traditional treatments for the control of wheat stem rust disease

Fusarium graminearum is one of the major global pathogens of cereals and is considered the main causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease in wheat. F. graminearum leads to severe losses in grain yield and quality of wheat. In the present study, immature embryos of three Egyptian wheat cultivars (Giza 164, Sids 1 and Bani Suef 6) have been used to highlight the physiological changes in wheat plants in response to treatment with different concentrations of Fugal Culture Filtrate (5%, 10%, 20% and 40%). Samples were taken at 5, 10 and 15 day s after inoculation. The three studied wheat cultivars exhibited different responses for inoculation with different concentrations of FCF. However, inoculation with 20% FCF significantly increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase) in shoots of wheat cultivars compared with uninoculated ones. In addition, proline and secondary metabolites (total phenol and flavonoids) significantly increased throughout the experimental period. Our results also proved that in addition to the common protective mechanisms detected in all the infected cultivars there are cultivar - dependent physiological changes exhibited by wheat plant during abiotic stress.

/pdf/protection-against-fusarium-head-blight-important-defense-2q6lek395x.pdf

Protection Against Fusarium Head Blight: Important Defense Mechanisms Studied in Three Regenerated Egyptian Wheat Cultivars

Karyomorphology and genome size of 15 St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) populations are reported for the first time. Root tips and fresh young leaves were used for karyological studies and flow cytometric (FCM) measurements, respectively. The chromosome length varied from 0.81 µm to 1.16 µm, and chromosome types were determined as “m”. Eight different somatic chromosome numbers were found (2n = 16, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 38). Based on the observed basic (x) chromosome numbers of x = 8, 11, 13, 14, 15, 19, this may correspond to diploid (2x), triploid (3x), tetraploid (4x), respectively. Interestingly, we found mixoploidy (3x − 4x) in the root tips of one of the populations. Hybridization, polyploidy and dysploid variation may be the main factors associated with the chromosome number evolution of this species. FCM showed that 2C DNA contents vary from 0.87 to 2.02 pg, showing more than a 2-fold variation. The mean amount of 2C DNA/chromosome and the mean of monoploid genome size were not proportional to ploidy.

/pdf/mixed-ploidy-and-dysploidy-in-hypericum-perforatum-a-310r127i.pdf

Mixed-Ploidy and Dysploidy in Hypericum perforatum: A Karyomorphological and Genome Size Study

Increasing seed yield, fatty acids, and essential oil content are the main objectives in breeding coriander. However, in order to achieve this, there is a need to understand the nature of gene action and quantify the heterosis and inbreeding depression. Towards this, six genetically diverse parents, their 15 F1 one-way hybrids, and 15 F2 populations were evaluated under different water treatments. The genetic effects of general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) and their interactions with water treatment were significant for five traits. Water deficit stress decreased all traits in both F1 and F2 generations except for the essential oil content, which was significantly increased due to water deficit stress. Under water deficit stress, a non-additive gene action was predominant in the F1 generation, while an additive gene action was predominant in the F2 generation for all the traits except seed yield under severe water deficit stress. There was a positive high heterosis for the traits examined in some hybrids. Furthermore, in the F2 generation, even after inbreeding depression, some promising populations displayed appropriate mean performance. The results show that the parents used for crossing had a rich, diverse gene pool for the traits studied. Therefore, selection between the individuals of relevant F2 populations could be used to develop high yielding hybrids or superior lines.

/pdf/dissection-of-genetic-effects-heterosis-and-inbreeding-pvcbnitt.pdf

Dissection of Genetic Effects, Heterosis, and Inbreeding Depression for Phytochemical Traits in Coriander

Pimpinella species are annual, biennial, and perennial semibushy aromatic plants cultivated for folk medicine, pharmaceuticals, food, and spices. The karyology and genome size of 17 populations of 16 different Pimpinella species collected from different locations in Iran were analyzed for inter-specific karyotypic and genome size variations. For karyological studies, root tips were squashed and painted with a DAPI solution (1 mg/ml). For flow cytometric measurements, fresh leaves of the standard reference (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Stupick, 2C DNA = 1.96 pg) and the Pimpinella samples were stained with propidium iodide. We identified two ploidy levels: diploid (2x) and tetraploid (4x), as well as five metaphase chromosomal counts of 18, 20, 22, 24, and 40. 2n = 24 is reported for the first time in the Pimpinella genus, and the presence of a B-chromosome is reported for one species. The nuclear DNA content ranged from 2C = 2.48 to 2C = 5.50 pg, along with a wide range of genome sizes between 1212.72 and 2689.50 Mbp. The average monoploid genome size and the average value of 2C DNA/chromosome were not proportional to ploidy. There were considerable positive correlations between 2C DNA and total chromatin length and total chromosomal volume. The present study results enable us to classify the genus Pimpinella with a high degree of morphological variation in Iran. In addition, cytological studies demonstrate karyotypic differences between P. anthriscoides and other species of Pimpinella, which may be utilized as a novel identification key to affiliate into a distinct, new genus – Pseudopimpinella.

/pdf/karyology-and-genome-size-analyses-of-iranian-endemic-12tb2phf.pdf

Karyology and Genome Size Analyses of Iranian Endemic Pimpinella (Apiaceae) Species

Exploring the Quantitative Genetics of Essential Oil Components in Coriandrum sativum L. Under Different Water Regimes

Evaluation of relationships between traits of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) genotypes in response to drought stress using the structural equation modeling and biplot method

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