For a system of distributed processes, correctness can be ensured by (statically) checking whether their composition satisfies properties of interest. However, Web services are distributed processes that dynamically discover properties of other Web services. Since the overall system may not be available statically and since each business process is supposed to be relatively simple, we propose to use runtime monitoring of conversations between partners as a means of checking behavioral correctness of the entire Web service system. Specifically, we identify a subset of UML 2.0 sequence diagrams as a property specification language and show that it is sufficiently expressive for capturing safety and liveness properties. By transforming these diagrams to automata, we enable conformance checking of finite execution traces against the specification. We show how our language can be used to specify the specification property system (SPS). We describe an implementation of our approach as part of an industrial system. Finally, we discuss our experience of specifying and monitoring a number of properties from three existing applications.

/pdf/runtime-monitoring-of-web-service-conversations-4oz9ym0hhd.pdf

Runtime Monitoring of Web Service Conversations

Mobile and general-purpose robots increasingly support everyday life, requiring dependable robotics control software. Creating such software mainly amounts to implementing complex behaviors known as missions. Recognizing this need, a large number of domain-specific specification languages has been proposed. These, in addition to traditional logical languages, allow the use of formally specified missions for synthesis, verification, simulation or guiding implementation. For instance, the logical language LTL is commonly used by experts to specify missions as an input for planners, which synthesize a robot's required behavior. Unfortunately, domain-specific languages are usually tied to specific robot models, while logical languages such as LTL are difficult to use by non-experts. We present a catalog of 22 mission specification patterns for mobile robots, together with tooling for instantiating, composing, and compiling the patterns to create mission specifications. The patterns provide solutions for recurrent specification problems; each pattern details the usage intent, known uses, relationships to other patterns, and—most importantly—a template mission specification in temporal logic. Our tooling produces specifications expressed in the temporal logics LTL and CTL to be used by planners, simulators or model checkers. The patterns originate from 245 mission requirements extracted from the robotics literature, and they are evaluated upon a total of 441 real-world mission requirements and 1251 mission specifications. Five of these reflect scenarios defined with two well-known industrial partners developing human-size robots. We further validate our patterns’ correctness with simulators and two different types of real robots.

/pdf/specification-patterns-for-robotic-missions-57s5tiiwlb.pdf

Specification Patterns for Robotic Missions

Temporal logics are commonly used for reasoning about concurrent systems. Model checkers and other finite-state verification techniques allow for automated checking of system model compliance to given temporal properties. These properties are typically specified as linear-time formulae in temporal logics. Unfortunately, the level of inherent sophistication required by these formalisms too often represents an impediment to move these techniques from "research theory" to "industry practice". The objective of this work is to facilitate the nontrivial and error prone task of specifying, correctly and without expertise in temporal logic, temporal properties. 

In order to understand the basis of a simple but expressive formalism for specifying temporal properties we critically analyze commonly used in practice visual notations. Then we present a scenario-based visual language called Property Sequence Chart (PSC) that, in our opinion, fixes the highlighted lacks of these notations by extending a subset of UML 2.0 Interaction Sequence Diagrams. We also provide PSC with both denotational and operational semantics. The operational semantics is obtained via translation into Buchi automata and the translation algorithm is implemented as a plugin of our Charmy tool. Expressiveness of PSC has been validated with respect to well known property specification patterns.

Graphical scenarios for specifying temporal properties: an automated approach

Safety analysis of software product lines using state-based modeling

Real-life bugs are successful because of their unfailing ability to adapt. In particular this applies to their ability to adapt to strategies that are meant to eradicate them as a species. Software bugs have some of these same traits. We will discuss these traits, and consider what we can do about them.

https://www.csee.usf.edu/~haozheng/lib/verification/general/g-holzmann.pdf

The logic of bugs

A logic model checker can be an effective tool for debugging software applications. A stumbling block can be that model-checking tools expect the user to supply a formal statement of the correctness requirements to be checked in temporal logic. Expressing non-trivial requirements in logic, however, can be challenging. To address this problem, we developed a graphical tool, called the TimeLine Editor, that simplifies the formalization of certain kinds of requirements. A series of events and required system responses are placed on a timeline. The user converts the timeline specification automatically into a test automaton that can be used directly by a logic model checker or for traditional test-sequence generation. We have used the TimeLine Editor to verify the call processing code for Lucent's PathStar access server against the TelCordia LSSGR [LATA (local access and transport area) Switching Systems Generic Requirements] standards. The TimeLine Editor simplified the task of converting a large body of English prose requirements into formal, yet readable, logic requirements.

http://spinroot.com/gerard/pdf/smith_holzmann_etessami.pdf

Events and constraints: a graphical editor for capturing logic requirements of programs

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Events and constraints: a graphical editor for capturing logic requirements of programs