Austempered ductile iron (ADI) is a type of graphite cast iron produced by an isothermal heat treatment process. It is an alternative to traditional steel castings and forgings and even aluminum due to the exceptional mechanical properties such as high strength, good toughness and excellent machinability. In the matrix, the unique ausferritic structure consists of graphite nodules uniformly surrounded by acicular ferrite and carbon saturated austenite. In the automotive industry, ADI has been commonly applied in the manufacturing of camshafts, crankshafts, gears and engine valves. These components are frequently subjected to surface contact with relative motion and external load. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the wear behavior of ADI in order to solve the tribological issues in existing ADI applications and utilize ADI into future designs appropriately. This paper was aimed at reviewing the fabrication processes of single-step and dual-step ADIs. The corresponding microstructure and mechanical properties were also briefly discussed. The studies on wear performance of ADI and potential mechanisms have been systemically reviewed.

A review: phase transformation and wear mechanisms of single-step and dual-step austempered ductile irons

Effect of matrix structure on the impact properties of an alloyed ductile iron

This study investigates the effect of austempering temperature and time on the microstructural and mechanical properties of unalloyed Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI) with an initially ferritic matrix ...

Austempered compacted graphite iron — Influence of austempering temperature and time on microstructural and mechanical properties

Ductile iron can acquire enhanced thermal and mechanical properties from austempering heat treatment. The present study aims to identify the function of different cutting parameters affecting machinability and to quantify its effects. Turning was performed to test machinability according to the ISO3685-1993 (E) standard. After austenitizing at 900 C for 90 min, austempered ductile iron (ADI) specimens were quenched in a salt bath at 380 C for 90 min. The cutting force signals along three directions were measured in real time, whereas flank wear and surface roughness were measured offline. For the cutting parameters, the cutting speed and depth of cut were varied, but the feed rate was kept constant. In the flank wear tests, machining length was corresponded to tool life. In addition, in order to find out the effect of cutting parameters on surface roughness (Ra), tangential force (Ft), and flank wear (VB) during turning, response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized by using experimental data. The effect of the depth of cut on the surface roughness was negligible but considerable in the cutting forces. The increased cutting speed produced a positive effect on surface roughness. It is found that the cutting speed was the dominant factor on the surface roughness, tangential force, and flank wear. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4005805]

The Effects of Cutting Speed and Depth of Cut on Machinability Characteristics of Austempered Ductile Iron

The influence of austenitization and austempering parameters on the impact properties of copper-alloyed and nickel-copper-alloyed austempered ductile irons (ADIs) has been studied. The austenitization temperature of 850 and 900 °C have been used in the present study for which austempering time periods of 120 and 60 min were optimized in an earlier work. The austempering process was carried out for 60 min for three austempering temperatures of 270, 330, and 380 °C to study the effect of austempering temperature. The influence of the austempering time on impact properties has been studied for austempering temperature of 330 °C for time periods of 30-150 min. The variation in impact strength with the austenitization and austempering parameters has been correlated to the morphology, size and amount of austenite and bainitic ferrite in the austempered structure. The fracture surface of ADI failed under impact has been studied using SEM.

Impact Properties of Copper-Alloyed and Nickel-Copper Alloyed ADI

The effect of austenitizing conditions on the microstructure and impact properties of an austempered ductile iron (ADI) containing 1.6% Cu and 1.6% Ni as the main alloying elements was investigated. Impact tests were carried out on samples of initially ferritic matrix structure and which had been first austenitized at 850,900, 950, and 1000°C for 15 to 360 min and austempered at 360°C for 180 min.

Effect of austenitizing conditions on the impact properties of an alloyed austempered ductile iron of initially ferritic matrix structure

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Effect of austenitizing conditions on the impact properties of an alloyed austempered ductile iron of initially ferritic matrix structure