Lateral skull cephalograms from 50 patients who subsequently had surgical correction of their Class III malocclusion were analysed using a complete linkage cluster analysis based on skull shape. Five subgroups were identified and are described. All subjects had a degree of mandibular prognathism while only 14 per cent had maxillary retrognathism. An increased lower face height was found in 58 per cent.

Craniofacial form in class III cases

Assessment of facial form modifications in orthodontics: Proposal of a modified computerized mesh diagram analysis

OBJECTIVES Of the 12 children in prepuberty (then aged 9 years) with unoperated submucous cleft palate where we previously found a characteristic morphology of the maxilla, we examined changes in the maxillary morphology in their puberty (until age 14 years), aiming to determine the intrinsic effects of congenital cleft palate on their craniofacial morphology and growth characteristics, which also involve the formation of cranioface, by retrospectively comparing their findings and those of noncleft children with normal occlusion. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twelve Japanese children (7 girls and 5 boys) with unoperated submucous cleft palate at age 14 years were examined cephalometrically. None of them had undergone dentofacial orthopedic treatment of the maxilla. Their craniofacial morphologic characteristics were compared with those of 60 Japanese noncleft children aged 14 years (30 girls and 30 boys) with normal occlusion. RESULTS The results were nearly identical to the previous findings when they were 9 years old: the maxillary length was short, the anterior part of the maxilla being retruded and the posterior part of the maxilla being in anterior position in the cleft children at age 14 years, compared with the noncleft children. In the craniofacial growth changes between the ages 9 and 14 years, an increase in the posterior upper facial height was markedly small, and the inclination of the palatal plane was promoted in the cleft children, compared with the noncleft children. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed that the intrinsic effects of congenital cleft were influential on the morphology of cranioface and its growth changes, which also involve craniofacial formation.

Intrinsic effects of congenital cleft palate on craniofacial morphology and growth characteristics in puberty.

ii To my supportive parents, Scott and Julie iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Lina Moreno for all of her dedication and guidance with this research study. This project would not have been possible without her and the rest of my thesis committee, Drs. for giving me the opportunity to further my education and pursue a career in orthodontics. Finally, I would like to thank my wonderful family for all the support and love they have given me.

https://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3043&context=etd

Phenotypic characterization of Class II malocclusion

Background Myriad maxillo-mandibular occlusal relationships are observed in patients with isolated cleft palate (ICP), unlike in patients with other cleft types, such as cleft lip and palate. Objectives This study aimed to categorise the characteristics of craniofacial morphology in patients with ICP, and investigate the clinical factors affecting these categorised morphological characteristics. Methods Thirty-six girls with ICP (age (mean ± SD): 5.36 ± 0.36 years) underwent cephalometric measurement. Their craniofacial morphology was categorised using cluster analysis. Profilograms were created and superimposed onto the standard Japanese profilograms to visualise the morphological characteristics of each group (cluster). The mean values and variations in the linear and angular measurements of each group were compared with the Japanese standards and statistically analysed using Dunnett's test after the analysis of variance. Fisher's exact test was used to analyse the differences between the cleft types (cleft in the hard and/or soft palate) and skills of the operating surgeons in the groups. Results Cluster analysis of craniofacial morphologies in patients with ICP resulted in the formation of three categories: the first cluster exhibited a relatively harmonious anteroposterior relationship between the maxilla and the mandible (22.2%); the second cluster exhibited crossbite owing to a significantly smaller maxilla (33.3%); and the third cluster exhibited a smaller mandible with posterior rotation showing skeletal class II malocclusion (44.4%). Differences in cleft types and surgeons were not associated with the distribution of patients in each cluster. Conclusions Patients with ICP exhibited characteristic morphological patterns, such as bimaxillary retrusion or severe mandibular retrusion, besides the anterior crossbite frequently found in patients with cleft lip and palate . Understanding the typical morphological characteristics could enable better diagnostic categorisation of patients with ICP, which may eventually improve orthodontic treatment planning.

Characteristics of craniofacial morphology and factors affecting them in patients with isolated cleft palate.

In order to categorize (classify) craniofacial forms, varying linear dimensional arrays from a series of pretreatment cephalographs ('A' records) were subjected to cluster analysis. The derived subgroups (clusters) not only showed inconsistencies in their component patients, but also their 'nearest neighbors', i.e. cases identified as being most similar to one another. This study, therefore, emphasized the need to devise more appropriate cephalometric appraisal techniques for patient categorization (diagnosis).

The role of cluster analysis on traditional cephalometric dimensions.

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The role of cluster analysis on traditional cephalometric dimensions.