Nanoindentation is a technique for measuring the elastic modulus and hardness of small amounts of materials. This method, which has been used extensively for characterizing metallic and inorganic solids, is now being applied to organic and metalorganic crystals, and has also become relevant to the subject of crystal engineering, which is concerned with the design of molecular solids with desired properties and functions. Through nanoindentation it is possible to correlate molecular-level properties such as crystal packing, interaction characteristics, and the inherent anisotropy with micro/macroscopic events such as desolvation, domain coexistence, layer migration, polymorphism, and solid-state reactivity. Recent developments and exciting opportunities in this area are highlighted in this Minireview.

Nanoindentation in Crystal Engineering: Quantifying Mechanical Properties of Molecular Crystals

The emergence of new applications, such as in artificial intelligence, the internet of things, and biotechnology, has driven the evolution of stress sensing technology. For these emerging applications, stretchability, remoteness, stress distribution, a multimodal nature, and biocompatibility are important performance characteristics of stress sensors. Mechanoluminescence (ML)-based stress sensing has attracted widespread attention because of its characteristics of remoteness and having a distributed response to mechanical stimuli as well as its great potential for stretchability, biocompatibility, and self-powering. In the past few decades, great progress has been made in the discovery of ML materials, analysis of mechanisms, design of devices, and exploration of applications. One can find that with this progress, the focus of ML research has shifted from the phenomenon in the earliest stage to materials and recently toward devices. At the present stage, while showing great prospects for advanced stress sensing applications, ML-based sensing still faces major challenges in material optimization, device design, and system integration.

Mechanoluminescence Rebrightening the Prospects of Stress Sensing: A Review.

Triboluminescence: Recalling Interest and New Aspects

Mechanoluminescence (ML) is a type of luminescence induced by any mechanical action on solids. The light emissions induced by elastic deformation, plastic deformation and fracture of solids are called elastico ML (EML), plastico ML (PML) and fracto ML (FML), respectively. Whereas nearly 50% of all organic molecular solids and inorganic salts exhibit FML, only a few solids exhibit EML and PML. The EML and FML of certain solids are so intense that they can be seen during daylight with the naked eye. Mechanolumnescence has a great potential for use in different types of mechano-optical devices such as stress sensors, damage sensors, impact sensors, fracture sensors and safety management monitoring systems. This article reports a survey of the literature from 1605 to 2013. Mechanoluminescence is studied by physicists, chemists, material scientists, geologists, medical scientists, engineers and technologists, among others and researchers will certainly benefit from the literature survey on ML given here. In addition, the field of mechanoluminescence may attract the interest of many new researchers.

Survey of the literature on mechanoluminescence from 1605 to 2013.

Organic mechanoluminescence (ML) compounds have experienced breakthrough developments in recent years, with ML being discovered in many kinds of organic compounds. Accordingly, the ML composition is becoming more complicated; complications can be observed from the initial stages of nitrogen discharge to fluorescence, dual emission of fluorescence and phosphorescence and the more novel persistent room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) on to photo-sensitive ML, presenting unique luminous properties with more perspectives. Since ML is found to be highly correlated with the molecular configuration and the intermolecular packing style in the aggregate state, the photophysical properties should be analyzed carefully with the consideration of MUSIC (Molecular Uniting Set Identified Characteristic). In this review paper, we summarized the recently reported organic ML compounds, which were classified according to their luminous and chemical structure features. The investigation of organic ML can promote the development of “aggregated state chemistry” and the luminous theory in the aggregate state.

/pdf/the-development-of-mechanoluminescence-from-organic-4d8y3sbr97.pdf

The development of mechanoluminescence from organic compounds: breakthrough and deep insight

Emission of light is found during application as well as release of uniaxial pressure in X-ray irradiated alkali halide crystals. As unpinning of dislocations can not take place, however, dislocations can move in backward directions during release of the pressure; the emission of light during release of pressure gives a direct support that the interaction of moving dislocations with F-centers is responsible for the emission of light during deformation of colored alkali halide crystals.



Sowohl bei der Anwendung von Druck als auch bei Druckentlastung wird Lichtemission in rontgenbestrahlten Alkalihalogenidkristallen beobachtet. Da Versetzungsloslosung von F-Zentren jedoch nicht eintreten kann, konnen die Versetzungen wahrend der Druckentlastung zuruckwandern. Die Lichtemission wahrend der Druckentlastung unterstutzt die Annahme, das die Wechselwirkung der wandernden Versetzungen mit den F-Zentren fur die Lichtemission wahrend der Verformung von farbigen Alkalihalogenid-kristallen verantwortlich ist.

Luminescence during release of pressure in X-ray irradiated alkali halide crystals

Mechanoluminescence and piezoelectric behaviour of monoclinic crystals

Stress-dependence of triboluminescence (TBL) in uranyl nitrate, tartaric acid and other nine crystals has been studied with the help of a new technique of crushing the crystals. As the appearance of TBL needs the creation of new surfaces in a crystal, the minimum stress at which TBL appears has been taken to be the fracture-strength of the crystal. The value of the fracture-strength and stress coefficient of binding energy determined from TBL measurements are found to be of correct order. It has been found that the rate of rise of TBL intensity with stress is higher for those crystals which have less value of the fracture-strength. The fracture strength (σf) is found to be higher for those crystals which have less value of stress coefficient of binding energy (β) and the product of σf and β is higher for those crystals which have higher melting point. It has been shown that the rate of rise of TBL intensity with stress decreases at higher values of stress due to strain hardening in the crystals.



Die Spannungsabhangigkeit der TBL in Uranylnitrat, Weinsaure und weiteren neun Kristallen wurde mit Hilfe einer neuen Bruchtechnik untersucht. Da das Erscheinen der TBL die Entstehung neuer Oberflachen im Kristall erfordert, wurde die unterste Grenze der Spannung, bei der die TBL auftritt, als dessen Bruchfestigkeit gewahlt. Der Wert der Bruchfestigkeit und des Spannungskoeffizienten der Bindungsenergie, die aus TBL-Messungen ermittelt wurden, sind von der richtigen Grosenordnung. Es wurde gefunden, das die Geschwindigkeit des Anstiegs der TBL-Intensitat mit der Spannung fur solche Kristalle hoher liegt, deren Bruchfestigkeit niedriger ist. Die Bruchfestigkeit (σf) liegt hoher fur solche Kristalle, deren Spannungskoeffizient der Bindungsenergie (β) geringer ist, und das Produkt von σf und β ist groser fur Kristalle mit hoherem Schmelzpunkt. Es wird gezeigt, das die Anstiegsgeschwindigkeit der TBL-Intensitat mit der Spannung abnimmt bei hoheren Werten der Spannung infolge der Kaltverfestigung des Kristalls.

Strength of Crystals of Small Dimensions and their Triboluminescence

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Luminescence during release of pressure in X-ray irradiated alkali halide crystals

Mechanoluminescence and piezoelectric behaviour of monoclinic crystals

Strength of Crystals of Small Dimensions and their Triboluminescence