Cold plasma generated by atmospheric pressure air discharge is a source of various gaseous reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). When the plasma is generated in a contact with water, the RONS dissolve into water, change its chemical composition, while producing so-called plasma activated water (PAW). The PAW has the potential to be effectively used in various agricultural applications, as the long lived liquid RONS (H2O2, NO2−, NO3−) may act like signaling molecules in plant metabolism or serve as nutrients. We studied the effect of the PAW on lettuce plants and compared it with the effect of H2O2 and/or NO3− solutions of various concentrations to assess their role in the PAW. The PAW was generated from tap water by DC driven self-pulsing transient spark discharge. Pre-grown lettuce plants were cultivated in pots with soil and irrigated with the PAW or solutions of H2O2 and/or NO3−. After 5 weeks the growth parameters, number and quality of leaves, fresh and dry weight of plants, photosynthetic pigment (chlorophyll a + b) content, photosynthetic rate, and activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD) were evaluated. Lettuce plants irrigated with the PAW in comparison with chemically equivalent solution of H2O2 and NO3− had similar dry weight; however, the PAW induced higher photosynthetic pigment content, higher photosynthetic rate, and lower activity of SOD. The NO3− mainly contributed to the increase of dry weight, photosynthetic pigment content, photosynthetic rate, and overall better appearance of plants. The H2O2 contributed to an increase of dry weight and induced SOD activity. In general, H2O2 and NO3− in proper concentrations can stimulate plant growth and affect their physiological properties.

Effect of Plasma Activated Water, Hydrogen Peroxide, and Nitrates on Lettuce Growth and Its Physiological Parameters

Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a tunable source of reactive species and other physical factors. It exerts luxuriant biochemical effects on diverse cells, including bacterial cells, mammalian cells, and plant cells. Over the past decade, CAP has shown promising application in modern agriculture. Here, we focused on the state of the art of plasma agriculture, particularly the improvement of seed germination rates. Typical plasma sources, underlying physical principles, and the chemical and cellular mechanism of plasma’s effect on plants seeds have been discussed in depth.

/pdf/improving-seed-germination-by-cold-atmospheric-plasma-3ijviga8.pdf

Improving Seed Germination by Cold Atmospheric Plasma

Enhancement of Growth, Enzymes, Nutrition and Yield of Eggplant: Combined Effects of Plasma Treatments

Plasma-activated mist (PAM) is a novel method that has shown potential for the decontamination of fresh produce. In this study, we evaluated the decontamination of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on nutrient agar plates and various types of fresh produce, both individually and stacked layers. Single pieces of kale achieved a notable 3-log10 reduction, while spinach and lettuce showed reductions of over 1.5-log10, and strawberry exhibited the lowest reduction of 0.8-log10. The efficacy on stacked multiple layers of spinach, kale, and strawberry was shown to achieve just over 0.9-log10 reduction of E. coli but always worse than the inactivation observed on a single piece. A mathematical diffusion model was employed to explore scaling up PAM for industrial applications, particularly on stacked spinach layers. 

Comparing inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on fresh produce using plasma-activated mist

Impact of dielectric barrier discharge cold plasma on functionality and starch properties of germinated sorghum

We apply different cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) configurations to treat wheat seeds using (1) a direct atmospheric plasma jet (APJ) in the dry form, (2) indirect plasma-activated water (PAW) in the soaked form, and (3) plasma-activated mist (PAMI) in the wet form. Wheat seedling germination parameters including germination potential, germination index, vigor index, and shoot and root lengths are measured for different plasma treatment-time intervals. Seed germination and seedling growth of wheat specimens are enhanced compared to those of untreated controls. Indirect wet PAW and PAMI show higher wheat germination compared to that of dry direct APJ. During plasma treatment, a rise in hydrophilization of seed surface coat is accompanied by increased water uptake of treated seeds. Ozone generated by plasma shows an increase in all discharge conditions, but this increase is reduced for higher relative humidity values in the PAMI mode. During treatment, OH radicals that are generated by APJ increase largely near seed surfaces. Regarding seed germination, PAW shows a larger impact than PAMI. However, PAMI can be considered to be the more practical technique for treating large numbers of seeds at an

/pdf/germination-of-wheat-seeds-exposed-to-cold-atmospheric-3nc3qug8lx.pdf

Germination of Wheat Seeds Exposed to Cold Atmospheric Plasma in Dry and Wet Plasma-Activated Water and Mist

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Germination of Wheat Seeds Exposed to Cold Atmospheric Plasma in Dry and Wet Plasma-Activated Water and Mist