Part 1 Foraging behaviour, J.J.M. van Alphen and M.A. Jervis: behaviour of insect parasitoids and predators methodology the treatment of parasitoids prior to their use in experiments recording and statistical analysis of behavioural data host/prey finding and selection behaviour deciding what clutch size to lay host-feeding behaviour host discrimination sex allocation functional responses switching behaviour patch time allocation patch defence behaviour distribution of parasitoids over a host population measuring encounter rates life history characteristics and searching behaviour foraging behaviour and taxonomy parasitoid behaviour and community ecology. Part 2 The life cycle, M.A. Jervis and M.J.W. Copeland: anatomical studies female reproductive system male reproductive system sex ratio locating eggs in hosts fecundity adult longevity growth and development of immatures survival of immatures intrinsic rate of natural increase. Part 3 Mating behaviour, H. van den Assem: making records general methodology equipment used in observing mating behaviour the early stages of mating behaviour stimulus production some quantitative aspects of mating behaviour female receptivity and its consequences aspects of mating "sensu stricto" mating success comparative studies of mating behaviour. Part 4 Populations and communities, W. Powell and .M.P. Walton: field sampling techniques determining trophic relationships genetic variability in field populations of natural enemies. Part 5 Population dynamics, N.A.C. Kidd and M.A. Jervis: demonstrating and quantifying predation and parasitism the role of natural enemies in insect population dynamics selection criteria in biological control. Part 6 Phytophagy, M.A. Jervis and N.A.C. Kidd: what plant materials do natural enemies feed upon, and from what sources? do natural enemies show specificity in the plant food sources they exploit? interpreting patterns of resource utilization insect preferences and foraging energetics natural enemies as pollinators.

Insect natural enemies : practical approaches to their study and evaluation

In the enriched carbon dioxide atmosphere expected in the next century, many species of herbivo- rous insects will confront less nutritious host plants that will induce both lengthened larval developmental times and greater mortality. The limited data currently available suggest that the effect of increased atmo- spheric CO 2 on herbivory will be not only highly species-specific but also specific to each insect-plant system. Several scenarios can be predicted, however: (1) local extinctions will occur; (2) the endangered species status as well as the pest status of some insect species will change; (3) geographic distributions for some insect spe- cies will shift with host-plant ranges; and (4) changes in the population dynamics of affected insect species will influence their interactions with other insects and plants. For insect conservation purposes, it is critical to begin long-term studies on the effects of enhanced CO 2 levels on insect populations. An analysis of the avail- able literature indicates that many orders containing insect species important for ecosystem conservation, and even those important as agricultural or medical pests, have not been examined. Without a major in- crease in research on this topic, we will be unprepared for the species changes that will occur, we will lose the opportunity to document just how some insects adapt to elevated CO 2 levels, and we will lack the informa- tion necessary for effective conservation efforts.

http://faculty.ucr.edu/~john/24%20Cons.Biol.pdf

Effects of Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide on Insect-Plant Interactions

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Insect Natural Enemies

Waage's (1982) hypothesis that host-size-dependent sex ratios will occur in parasitoids of nongrowing hosts and not in parasitoids of growing hosts is examined using published data on parasitoid wasps. Waage's hypothesis is supported as a general, but not absolute, rule: among solitary parasitoid wasps, a significantly greater proportion of parasitoids of nongrowing than of growing hosts show some evidence of host-size-dependent sex ratios (85% versus 42%, G=6.54, P< 0.05). The premise of Waage's hypothesis-that for parasitoids which develop in a growing stage, host size at oviposition is not a good predictor of the amount of resources available to the developing parasitoid-is also examined. It is suggested that across host species Waage's premise will hold for some, but not all, parasitoids of growing hosts. Likely exceptions to Waage's premise, and thus his prediction, are discussed. Parasitoids of growing hosts which are expected to have evolved hostsize-dependent sex ratios include parasitoids which utilize a narrow size range of host species, parasitoids which can distinguish among host species by some criterion other than size, and parasitoids which utilize host species whose susceptible instars do not overlap in size.

Host-size-dependent sex ratios among parasitoid wasps: does host growth matter?

1. Plant Detection of Pathogens.- 2. Biochemical Aspects of Plant-Microbe and Microbe-Microbe Interactions in Soil.- 3. Biochemical Responses of Plants to Fungal Attack.- 4. Allelopathy - An Overview.- 5. Plant Allelochemicals: Linkages Between Herbivores and Their Natural Enemies.- 6. Brementown Revisited: Interactions Among Allelochemicals in Plants.- 7. Multifaceted Chemically Based Resistance in Plants.- 8. Pheromonal Communication Between Plants.- 9. Adaptation to Resource Availability as a Determinant of Chemical Defense Strategies in Woody Plants.

/pdf/chemically-mediated-interactions-between-plants-and-other-4c05cdumba.pdf

Chemically Mediated Interactions between Plants and Other Organisms

. Differences in the weight of parasitoid individuals of Brachymeria intermedia (Nees) (Chalcidae) and Coccygomimus turionellae (L.) (Ichneumonidae) were found to be associated with differences in host diet. The availability of the host nitrogen to the parasitoids differed depending on the sex of the host, Lymantria dispar, and its diet. Nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) for both parasitoid species were inversely correlated with host weight and with host nitrogen. Values for NUE are lower than those reported for phytophagous insects such as Lepidoptera.

Host's diet effects on nitrogen utilization efficiency for two parasitoid species: Brachymeria intermedia and Coccygomimus turionellae

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Host's diet effects on nitrogen utilization efficiency for two parasitoid species: Brachymeria intermedia and Coccygomimus turionellae