The radio occultation (RO) technique, which makes use of radio signals transmitted by the global positioning system (GPS) satellites, has emerged as a powerful and relatively inexpensive approach for sounding the global atmosphere with high precision, accuracy, and vertical resolution in all weather and over both land and ocean. On 15 April 2006, the joint Taiwan-U.S. Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC)/Formosa Satellite Mission 3 (COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3, hereafter COSMIC) mission, a constellation of six microsatellites, was launched into a 512-km orbit. After launch the satellites were gradually deployed to their final orbits at 800 km, a process that took about 17 months. During the early weeks of the deployment, the satellites were spaced closely, offering a unique opportunity to verify the high precision of RO measurements. As of September 2007, COSMIC is providing about 2000 RO soundings per day to support the research and operational communities. COSMIC RO dat...

/pdf/the-cosmic-formosat-3-mission-early-results-2bn1owr3dc.pdf

The COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 Mission: Early Results

[1] The Constellation Observing System for Meteorology Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC)/Formosa Satellite 3 (FORMOSAT-3) is a six-satellite radio occultation mission that was launched in mid-April, 2006. The close proximity of the COSMIC satellites provides a unique opportunity to estimate the precision of the radio occultation remote sensing technique from closely collocated occultations (<10 km separation of tangent points). The RMS difference of refractivity between 10 and 20 km altitude is less than 0.2%, which is approximately twice better than previous estimates obtained from CHAMP and SAC-C collocated occultations, apparently, due to smaller separation of the occultation pairs and due to parallel occultation planes. In the lower troposphere, the maximal RMS is ∼0.8% at 2 km altitude and decreases abruptly to ∼0.2% between 6 and 8 km altitude. The RMS difference of electron density in the ionosphere between 150 and 500 km altitude for collocated occultations is about 103 cm−3.

https://opensky.ucar.edu/islandora/object/articles%3A17321/datastream/PDF/view

Estimates of the precision of GPS radio occultations from the COSMIC/FORMOSAT‐3 mission

. The launch of the proof-of-concept mission GPS/MET (Global Positioning System/Meteorology) in 1995 began a revolution in profiling Earth's atmosphere through radio occultation (RO). GPS/MET; subsequent single-satellite missions CHAMP (CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload), SAC-C (Satellite de Aplicaciones Cientificas-C), GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment), METOP-A, and TerraSAR-X (Beyerle et al., 2010); and the six-satellite constellation, FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC (Formosa Satellite mission {#}3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate) have proven the theoretical capabilities of RO to provide accurate and precise profiles of electron density in the ionosphere and refractivity, containing information on temperature and water vapor, in the stratosphere and troposphere. This paper summarizes results from these RO missions and the applications of RO observations to atmospheric research and operational weather analysis and prediction.

/pdf/exploring-earth-s-atmosphere-with-radio-occultation-59xi3hip89.pdf

Exploring earth's atmosphere with radio occultation: contributions to weather, climate and space weather

This study uses the new satellite-based Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) mission to retrieve tropospheric profiles of temperature and moisture over the data-sparse eastern Pacific Ocean. The COSMIC retrievals, which employ a global positioning system radio occultation technique combined with “first-guess” information from numerical weather prediction model analyses, are evaluated through the diagnosis of an intense atmospheric river (AR; i.e., a narrow plume of strong water vapor flux) that devastated the Pacific Northwest with flooding rains in early November 2006. A detailed analysis of this AR is presented first using conventional datasets and highlights the fact that ARs are critical contributors to West Coast extreme precipitation and flooding events. Then, the COSMIC evaluation is provided. Offshore composite COSMIC soundings north of, within, and south of this AR exhibited vertical structures that are meteorologically consistent with satellit...

/pdf/diagnosis-of-an-intense-atmospheric-river-impacting-the-2ldzd0i4pq.pdf

Diagnosis of an Intense Atmospheric River Impacting the Pacific Northwest: Storm Summary and Offshore Vertical Structure Observed with COSMIC Satellite Retrievals

[1] Observation of the atmospheric climate and detection of changes require high quality data. Radio Occultation (RO) using Global Positioning System (GPS) signals is based on time measurements with precise atomic clocks. It provides a long-term stable and consistent data record with global coverage and favorable error characteristics. Highest quality and vertical resolution is given in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). RO data exist from the GPS/Met mission within 1995–1997, and continuous observations are available since 2001. We give a review on studies using RO data for climate monitoring and change detection in the UTLS and discuss RO characteristics and error estimates, climate change indicators, trend detection, and comparison to conventional upper-air data. These studies showed that RO parameters cover the whole UTLS with useful indicators of climate change, being most robust in the tropics. Refractivity is most sensitive in the lower stratosphere (LS) and tropopause region, pressure/geopotential height and temperature over the UTLS region. An emerging climate change signal in the RO record can be detected for geopotential height of pressure levels and for temperature, reflecting warming of the troposphere and cooling of the LS. The results are in agreement with trends in radiosonde and ERA-Interim records. Climate model trends basically agree as well but they show less warming/cooling contrast across the tropical tropopause. (Advanced) Microwave Sounding Unit LS bulk temperature anomalies show significant differences to RO. Overall, the quality of RO climate records is suitable to fulfill the requirements of a global climate change monitoring system.

https://opensky.ucar.edu:/islandora/object/articles%3A12064/datastream/PDF/view

GPS radio occultation for climate monitoring and change detection

[1] Fourier integral operators (FIOs) are used for constructing asymptotic solutions of wave problems and for the generalization of the geometrical optics. Geometric optical rays are described by the canonical Hamilton system, which can be written in different canonical coordinates in the phase space. The theory of FIOs generalizes the formalism of canonical transforms for solving wave problems. The FIO associated with a canonical transform maps the wave field to a different representation. Mapping to the representation of ray impact parameter was used in the formulation of the canonical transform (CT) method for processing radio occultation data. The full-spectrum inversion (FSI) method can also be looked at as an FIO associated with a canonical transform of a different type. We discuss the general principles of the theory of FIOs and formulate a generalization of the CT and FSI techniques. We derive the FIO that maps radio occultation data measured along the low Earth orbiter orbit without first applying back propagation. This operator is used for the retrieval of refraction angles and atmospheric absorption. We give a closed derivation of the exact phase function of the FIO obtained in the “phase matching” approach by Jensen et al. [2004] We derive a novel FIO algorithm denoted CT2, which is a modification and improvement of FSI. We discuss the use of FIOs for asymptotic direct modeling of radio occultation data. This direct model is numerically much faster then the multiple phase screen technique. This is especially useful for simulating LEO-LEO occultations at frequencies of 10–30 GHz.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2003RS002971

Analysis of wave fields by Fourier integral operators and their application for radio occultations

[1] We analyze and compare two approaches to processing radio occultation data: (1) canonical transform method and (2) full spectrum inversion method. We show that these methods are closely related and can be explained from two view points: (1) both methods apply a Fourier transform like operator to the entire radio occultation signal, and the derivative of the phase of the transformed signal is used for the computation of bending angles, and (2) they can be explained from a signal processing view point as the location of multiple tones constituting the complete signal. The full spectrum inversion method is a composition of phase correction and Fourier transform, which makes the numerical algorithm computationally more efficient as compared to the canonical transform method. We investigate the relative performance of the two methods in simulations using a wave optics propagator. We use simple analytical models of the atmospheric refractivity as well as radiosonde data in order to reproduce complex multipath situations. The numerical simulations as well as the analytical estimations indicate that a resolution of 60 m (or even higher) can be achieved.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2003RS002916

Comparative analysis of radio occultation processing approaches based on Fourier integral operators

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Analysis of wave fields by Fourier integral operators and their application for radio occultations

Comparative analysis of radio occultation processing approaches based on Fourier integral operators