Cosmology requires new physics beyond the Standard Model of elementary particles and fields. What is the fundamental physics behind dark matter and dark energy? What generated the initial fluctuations in the early Universe? Polarised light of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) may hold the key to answers. In this article, we discuss two new developments in this research area. First, if the physics behind dark matter and dark energy violates parity symmetry, their coupling to photons rotates the plane of linear polarisation as the CMB photons travel more than 13 billion years. This effect is known as `cosmic birefringence': space filled with dark matter and dark energy behaves as if it were a birefringent material, like a crystal. A tantalising hint for such a signal has been found with the statistical significance of $3\sigma$. Next, the period of accelerated expansion in the very early Universe, called `cosmic inflation', produced a stochastic background of primordial gravitational waves (GW). What generated GW? The leading idea is vacuum fluctuations in spacetime, but matter fields could also produce a significant amplitude of primordial GW. Finding its origin using CMB polarisation opens a new window into the physics behind inflation. These new scientific targets may influence how data from future CMB experiments are collected, calibrated, and analysed. 

New physics from the polarized light of the cosmic microwave background

Precision engineering for astronomy and gravity science

This review describes the discovery of gravitational waves. We recount the journey of predicting and finding those waves, since its beginning in the early twentieth century, their prediction by Einstein in 1916, theoretical and experimental blunders, efforts towards their detection, and finally the subsequent successful discovery.

https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/2/3/22/pdf

A Brief History of Gravitational Waves

In the very near future gravitational wave astronomy is expected to become a reality, giving us a completely new tool for exploring the universe around us. We provide an introduction to how interferometric gravitational wave detectors work, suitable for students entering the field and teachers who wish to cover the subject matter in an advanced undergraduate or beginning graduate level course.

/pdf/an-introduction-to-signal-extraction-in-interferometric-4t3p8az060.pdf

An introduction to signal extraction in interferometric gravitational wave detectors

On the Detection of Low Frequency Gravitational Waves

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On the Detection of Low Frequency Gravitational Waves